Scientists

Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS, British biologist, physicist and neuroscientist. His most important achievement was the discovery of the double helix structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with James Watson at the Cavendish Laboratory of Cambridge University in 1953. For this, the two of them, together with Maurice Wilkins, won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "the discovery of the molecular structure of nucleic acids and their importance to the transmission of information in organisms." Crick died of colorectal cancer in California, United States, in 2004. His colleague Christoph Koch once lamented: "He was still revising a paper before he died; he was still a scientist until his death."

Fritz Haber (German: Fritz Haber, December 9, 1868 - January 29, 1934), a Jewish-German chemist, won the 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his invention of the industrial Haber process for synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen. The Haber process was important in the manufacture of fertilizers and explosives. Half of the world's population currently relies on fertilizers produced this way for food production. Haber and Born jointly proposed the Born-Haber cycle as a method for evaluating the lattice energy of ionic solids. He is also known as the "Father of Chemical Weapons" for his work developing and deploying chlorine and other poison gases as chemical weapons during World War I.

Frederick Sanger, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (English: Frederick Sanger, August 13, 1918 - November 19, 2013), a British biochemist, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry twice, in 1958 and 1980. He was the fourth person to win the Nobel Prize twice, and the first person to win the Chemistry Prize twice.

Zhang Heng (78-139), courtesy name Pingzi, was a native of Xi'e County, Nanyang County (now south of Nanzhao County, Nanyang City, Henan Province). He was a scholar-bureaucrat of the Eastern Han Dynasty, an astronomer, geographer, mathematician, scientist, inventor and writer. He held the rank of Taishi Ling, Shizhong and Shangshu. Zhang Heng made extraordinary achievements in his life. He made a water-driven armillary sphere, invented a seismometer and compass that can detect the direction of earthquake sources, discovered the causes of solar and lunar eclipses, drew a star map recording 2,500 stars, and calculated pi accurately. To one decimal place, he explained and established the cosmology of Hun Tian Theory; in terms of literature, he created poetry works such as "Er Jing Fu" and "Guitian Fu", which expanded the style and subject matter of Han Fu, and was listed as one of the "Four Masters of Han Fu". He created the poetic genre of seven-character ancient poetry and made great contributions to Chinese culture.

Xu Xingchu (January 7, 1934 - January 1, 2022), male, was born in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province. He is an expert in precision machine tool design and technology in China. He once served as deputy director and senior engineer of the Science and Technology Committee of the Ministry of Machinery Industry. Honorary President of the Academy of Mechanical Sciences.

Xu Binshi (March 12, 1931 - February 15, 2023), a native of Zhaoyuan, Shandong, was born in Harbin, Heilongjiang. He is an expert in maintenance engineering, surface engineering and remanufacturing engineering, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and a foreign academician of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Xu Binshi passed away on February 15, 2023, at the age of 92.

Dmitriy Ivanovich Mendeleyev (Russian: Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев; Romanized: Dmitriy Ivanovich Mendeleyev; February 8, 1834 – February 2, 1907) was a 19th-century Russian chemist who discovered the periodicity of chemical elements. He, Julius von Maier and Bergès de Chancourtois compiled the world's first periodic table of elements respectively, and used this to predict some elements that had not yet been discovered. Because of their compilation, they became the founders of the periodic table of elements and pointed the way for later generations to discover new elements.

Ernst Fehr (born June 21, 1956) is an Austrian economist.

Enrico Fermi (Italian: Enrico Fermi; September 29, 1901 - November 28, 1954) was an Italian-American physicist and professor of physics at the University of Chicago. He has made outstanding contributions to quantum mechanics, nuclear physics, particle physics, and statistical mechanics. During the Manhattan Project, he led the creation of the world's first nuclear reactor (Chicago Reactor No. 1). He was also one of the designers and creators of the atomic bomb, and is known as the "Father of Atomic Energy." Fermi held several nuclear energy-related patents and won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1938 for his research on induced radiation produced by neutron bombardment and his discovery of transuranic elements. He is one of the few physicists who can be called outstanding in both theoretical and experimental aspects as physics becomes increasingly specialized. Fermi made his first major theoretical contribution in the field of statistical mechanics. Physicist Wolfgang Pauli proposed the Pauli Exclusion Principle in 1925. Fermi analyzed ideal gas systems based on this principle, and the resulting statistical form is now commonly called Fermi-Dirac statistics. Today, particles that obey the exclusion principle are called "fermions." Later, Pauli analyzed beta decay. In order to conserve energy in this decay process, Pauli assumed that when electrons are produced, an electrically neutral particle is also produced. Such particles had not yet been observed. Fermi analyzed the properties of this particle, derived its theoretical model, and called it a "neutrino." The theoretical model he derived from his theoretical analysis of beta decay was later called the "Fermi interaction" by physicists. This theory was later developed into the weak interaction theory. The weak interaction is one of the four basic interactions. Fermi also conducted experimental studies of induced radiation induced by neutrons. He discovered that slow neutrons are easier to capture than fast neutrons, and derived the Fermi lifetime equation to describe this radiation process. After bombarding thorium and uranium nuclei with slow neutrons, he thought he had obtained new elements. Although he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery, these elements were later discovered to be merely products of nuclear fission. Fermi fled Italy in 1938 to avoid his wife, Laura, being affected by Italy's newly passed racial laws because of her Jewish origin. He immigrated to the United States and worked on the Manhattan Project during World War II. Fermi led his team to design and build Chicago Reactor 1. The reactor conducted a critical test on December 2, 1942, completing the first artificial

Edwin Powell Hubble (English: Edwin Powell Hubble, November 20, 1889 - September 28, 1953), an American astronomer, is generally regarded as the founder of galaxy astronomy and the founder of observational cosmology. Through the study of nebulae, Hubble confirmed the existence of other galaxies outside the Milky Way, and discovered that most galaxies have red shifts. He established Hubble's law, which is strong evidence for the expansion of the universe (see the Big Bang theory). To commemorate Hubble's contribution, the asteroid 2079, Hubble crater and the Hubble Space Telescope are named after him.

Edward Jenner (English: Edward Jenner, May 17, 1749 - January 26, 1823), FRS FRCPE, also translated as Edward Jenner or Jenner, was a British doctor who was famous for researching and promoting cowpox vaccination and preventing smallpox. The smallpox vaccine he invented in May 1796 was the world's first vaccine. Jenner was therefore called the "Father of Immunology" by later generations. Before Jenner, people generally used "variolation" to prevent smallpox. This method had been spread for many years in China, India and Africa, but it was high-risk and had a low success rate. The "coccopox vaccination" invented by Jenner was highly safe and effective. It was gradually adopted by various countries and saved tens of thousands of lives. In 1980, the World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated worldwide. Jenner's work also laid the foundation for subsequent research, leading Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch and others to seek treatments and immunizations for other diseases.

Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace, née Byron, was a British mathematician and writer, best known for her work on Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, a mechanical general-purpose computer. She was the first person to argue that computers could be used for more than just arithmetic, and published the first algorithm for the Analytical Engine. As a result, Ada is often considered the first programmer in history.

Dai Yuanben (July 31, 1928 - September 26, 2020), male, native of Changde, Hunan, was born in Nanjing, Jiangsu, and is a Chinese theoretical physics and particle physicist. He served as the Chairman of the Chinese Society of High Energy Physics and a member of the Particle and Field Committee of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. The "straton model" research he participated in won the second prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1982. Author of "The Normative Theory of Interaction".

Thomas Hunt Morgan (English: Thomas Hunt Morgan, September 25, 1866 - December 4, 1945) was an American evolutionary biologist, geneticist, embryologist, and the founder of chromosomal genetics. Morgan studied embryology at Johns Hopkins University, earning a doctorate in zoology in 1890, and engaged in embryology research while teaching at Bryn Mawr College. After Mendelian inheritance was rediscovered in 1900, Morgan began to study the genetic characteristics of Drosophila melanogaster. In the famous "Drosophila Laboratory" at Columbia University's Schermerhorn Hall, Morgan showed that genes are located on chromosomes, the physical basis of heredity. These discoveries laid the scientific foundation for modern genetics. In 1933, Morgan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for elucidating the role of chromosomes in inheritance. During his academic career, Morgan wrote 22 monographs and 370 scientific papers. Under his influence, Drosophila became the dominant model organism in modern genetics. The biology department he founded at Caltech later produced several Nobel Prize winners.

Yang Likun (July 8, 1960 -), French name Yann André Le Cun (French: Yann André Le Cun, pronounced: [jan ɑdʁe ləkœə];), is a French computer scientist and the winner of the 2018 Turing Award. He has made many contributions in the fields of machine learning, computer vision, mobile robots and computational neuroscience. He is best known for his work using convolutional neural networks in optical character recognition and computer vision. Yang Likun created the DjVu image compression technology with Leon Botto and Patrick Haffner, and developed the Lush language with Leon Botto. In 2019, he, Joshua Bengio and Jeffrey Hinton jointly won the Turing Award, the highest award in computer science.

Lars Onsager (Norwegian: Lars Onsager, November 27, 1903 - October 5, 1976) was a Norwegian-born American chemist. He won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering the general relationship of non-equilibrium thermodynamics and proposing the reciprocity relationship.

Srinivasa Ramanujan Iyangar (Tamil: ஶ்ரீநிவாஸ ராமாநுஜையங்கார், Romanized: Śrīnivāsa Rāmānujaiyaṅgār (December 22, 1887 – April 26, 1920) was an Indian mathematician active in the early 20th century. He made profound contributions in the fields of mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series and continued fractions, and even solved mathematical problems that were considered unsolvable at the time. Ramanujan initially conducted his mathematical research alone in relative isolation. According to Hans Eysenck, "He tried to interest the leading professional mathematicians of the day in his work, but mostly failed. What he showed people was too new, too unfamiliar, and presented in an unusual way; they almost ignored him." Looking for mathematicians who could better understand his work, in 1913 he began a correspondence with the British mathematician G. H. Hardy at the University of Cambridge. Hardy recognized the extraordinary nature of Ramanujan's work and arranged for him to travel to Cambridge. In Hardy's notes, he commented that Ramanujan had proposed ground-breaking new theorems, some of which "were completely beyond my comprehension; I had never seen anything even remotely like them before" and some of which were mathematical results that had just been proven but were extremely advanced at the time. During his lifetime, Ramanujan independently compiled nearly 3,900 mathematical results (mainly identities and equations). Many of these results were completely novel; his highly original and unconventional discoveries, such as Ramanujan's prime numbers, Ramanujan's theta function, the integer splitting formula, and the pseudo-theta function, opened up entirely new areas of research and inspired much later research. Of his thousands of formulas, the vast majority have been proven correct. The scientific journal "Ramanujan's Journal" was founded precisely to publish works in all fields of mathematics influenced by Ramanujan; and his notebooks recording published and unpublished results have been deeply analyzed and studied in the decades after his death, becoming the source of new mathematical ideas. Until 2012, researchers continued to discover that the few words about "simple properties" and "similar outputs" written in his notes in response to certain discoveries turned out to be profound and subtle results in number theory, and these results were not discovered until nearly a century after Ramanujan's death. He became one of the youngest fellows in the history of the Royal Society and

Svante August Arrhenius (Swedish: Svante August Arrhenius, February 19, 1859 - October 2, 1927) was a Swedish chemist. The Arrhenius theory of electrolyte ionization in aqueous solution was proposed, the effect of temperature on the rate of chemical reaction was studied, and the Arrhenius equation was derived. He was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his outstanding contributions in physical chemistry. Arrhenius was the first to use physical and chemical principles to estimate the extent to which increased atmospheric carbon dioxide contributed to rising Earth surface temperatures. His work was instrumental in the emergence of modern climate science. In the 1960s, Charles David Keeling reliably measured the amount of carbon dioxide in the air, showing that levels were increasing and, according to the greenhouse hypothesis, sufficient to cause severe global warming. The Arrhenius Equation, Arrhenius Acid, Arrhenius Base, Lunar Crater Arrhenius, Mars Arrhenius Crater, Arrhenius Mountain and the Arrhenius Laboratory at Stockholm University are all so named in honor of his contribution to science.

Stanisław Jaśkowski (Polish: Stanisław Jaśkowski, April 22, 1906 – November 16, 1965) was a Polish logician.

Stanford Moore (September 4, 1913 - August 23, 1982) was an American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1972 for his research on the structure of ribonuclease at Rockefeller University.

Si Xingjian (March 11, 1901 - July 19, 1964), named Tianshi, male, was born in Zhuji, Zhejiang Province. He was a Chinese paleobotanist and a pioneer in the study of Chinese ancient plants. He once served as the director and researcher of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Fang Shouxian (October 28, 1932 - January 19, 2020), male, was born in Taiping, Anhui, and was born in Shanghai. He is a Chinese accelerator physicist, researcher and former director of the Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, director of the Beijing Electron Positron Collider National Laboratory, and director of the Department of Mathematical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Fang Bingwen (1903-August 26, 1944), male, born in Shexian County, Anhui Province, was a pioneer in ichthyology research in China. He had many original ideas in the research of fish morphological structure and classification system. He once served as a technician in the zoology department of the National Museum of Natural History, Academia Sinica, and engaged in zoological research. In 1938, he was hired by the French Museum of Natural History and went to Paris to engage in fish research. He was killed in an air raid on Paris on the evening of August 26, 1944.

Fang Weihai (December 22, 1955-), a native of Dingyuan, Anhui, is a Chinese physical chemist.