Political figures

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was an Indian lawyer, thinker, anti-colonial activist and political ethicist. He used non-violent resistance to successfully lead India to win independence from British rule (see Indian Independence Movement). He inspired civil rights and freedom movements around the world. In 1914 in South Africa, someone first used the Sanskrit honorific Mahātmā (meaning "great soul" or "worthy of respect") to call him, and it has since been widely used around the world.

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (English: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, October 29, 1938 -) is a Liberian politician. She is the leader of the Liberian Alliance Party. She was elected in the 2005 Liberian presidential election and was the first democratically elected female president of an African country. On October 7, 2011, Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee and Tawakou Karman jointly received the Nobel Peace Prize "for their non-violent struggle to safeguard women's safety and the rights of women to fully participate in peace-building".

Hernando de Soto Polar (Spanish: Hernando de Soto Polar, born June 2, 1941) is a Peruvian economist whose research focuses on gray economy and property rights. De Soto's economic doctrines were adopted by the Peruvian government, thereby weakening the popular base of the Shining Path in Peru, prompting the Shining Path leadership to move from the countryside to the cities, and eventually be arrested. His economic theories have had a huge influence on developing countries and were adopted by Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori. Winner of the 2004 Milton Friedman Freedom Award. De Soto has participated in the 2021 Peruvian election. On February 22, 2026, Peruvian President Jose Maria Balcázar appointed de Soto as Prime Minister of Peru, but later appointed Denise Miralles instead.

Birch Evans "Evan" Bayh III (December 26, 1955 -), American politician, member of the Democratic Party of the United States, served as governor of Indiana (1989-1997), and member of the United States Senate of Indiana (1999-2011). Behe is the son of Senator Birch Behe ​​and the grandson of basketball coach Birch Behe ​​Sr. He was first elected to public office in 1986 as Indiana Secretary of State. After two years in office, he was elected governor. After two terms, he stepped down as secretary of state and briefly taught at Indiana University, Bloomington. In 1998, he was elected to the Senate and was re-elected in 2004. On February 15, 2010, Beh unexpectedly announced that he would not run for re-election to the Senate. After leaving the Senate, where he was succeeded by his predecessor Dan Coats, he became a partner in the Washington, D.C. office of McGuire Woods LLP and served as senior counsel to Apollo Global Management. He served as a part-time contributor to Fox News from March 2011 to July 2016. In June 2011, he became a communications consultant to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. On October 27, 2011, Berry Plastics announced the appointment of Beh as a member of the Board of Directors After 2016 Democratic primary winner Barron Hill dropped out of the race, Beh announced he would run for Senate to take back his former Senate seat from retiring Republican incumbent Dan Coats. He lost the general election to Todd Young by nearly 10 percentage points (52.1% to 42.4%). On June 15, 2022, President Joe Biden appointed Beh to the President's Intelligence Advisory Board.

Emma Goldman (English: Emma Goldman; June 27, 1869 - May 14, 1940, still born on June 15, 1869, or Emma Goldman), an anarchist political activist and writer. She was a key figure in the development of anarchist political philosophy in North America and Europe during the first half of the twentieth century. Emma was born into a Jewish family in Kaunas, Russian Empire (now Lithuania), and immigrated to the United States in 1885. After the Haymarket Incident, Emma was deeply attracted by anarchism and became a writer and famous speaker in the fields of anarchist philosophy, women's rights and social issues, attracting thousands of audiences. She and her lover, the anarchist writer Alexander Beckmann, plotted to assassinate Henry Clay Frick as propaganda for their actions. The assassination attempt failed and Beckmann was sentenced to 22 years in prison. Goldman was also imprisoned multiple times in the following years for "inciting riots" and illegally distributing birth control-related information. In 1906, Goldman founded the anarchist publication "Earth". In 1917, Emma and Beckmann were imprisoned for another two years for conspiring to "induce people not to register" for the newly enacted conscription law. After being released from prison, the two men were arrested again together with 248 other people and deported to Russia. Emma initially supported the October Revolution that brought the Bolsheviks to power, but she changed her mind after the Kronstadt Uprising. She criticized the Soviet Union's violent suppression of dissent and published a book detailing her feelings in 1923, My Disillusionment with Russia. Later, she traveled to the UK, Canada and France, and wrote another autobiography, "Living My Own Life", which was published in two volumes in 1931 and 1935 respectively. After the Spanish Civil War broke out, Emma came to Spain to support the local anarchist revolution. She eventually died in Toronto, Canada on May 14, 1940. Throughout her life, Emma was hailed as a free-thinking rebellious woman by her supporters, and dismissed as a politically motivated murderer and advocate of violent revolution by her opponents. She writes and speaks on a variety of social issues, such as prisons, atheism, free speech, militarism, capitalism, marriage, free love, and homosexuality. Although she distanced herself from first-wave feminism and its fight for female suffrage, she did pioneer new ideas that incorporated gender politics into anarchism. After decades of obscurity, feminist and anarchist scholars returned to the field in the 1970s

Evariste Galois (French: Évariste Galois, French pronunciation: [evaʁist ɡalwa]; October 25, 1811 - May 31, 1832), also translated as Galois, was a French mathematician. When he was only a teenager, he discovered the necessary and sufficient conditions for polynomials of degree n to be solved using radicals, solving a problem that had long plagued the mathematical community. His work laid the foundation for Galois theory, a major branch of abstract algebra, and research in the field of Galois connections. He was the first person to use the mathematical term "group" to refer to a set of permutations, and is called the founder of modern group theory together with Niels Abel. During the Restoration of Louis Philippe, he was a radical republican and was arrested and imprisoned. After being released from prison at the age of twenty, he died in a nearly suicidal duel, causing various speculations.

Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was an American politician, diplomat, and human rights activist. The wife of the 32nd U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Roosevelt experienced four presidential terms from March 1933 to April 1945. Therefore, Eleanor Roosevelt is also the longest-serving first lady in the United States. After World War II, she served as the first ambassador of the United States to the United Nations and led the drafting of the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights. She is also a feminist and a strong advocate of protecting human rights. President Harry S. Truman called her "the First Lady of the World" when he praised her human rights achievements.

Tatiana Alexeyevna Golikova (Russian: Татьяна Алексеевна Голикова, Romanized: Tatiana Alexeyevna Golikova, February 9, 1966 -), Russian female politician, PhD in economics. He once served as Minister of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation and Director of the Audit Office. Since 2018, he serves as one of the Deputy Prime Ministers of the Russian Federation, responsible for social policy.

Andrzej Tadeusz Bonaventura Kosciuszko, also known as Kosciuszko, was a leader of the Polish army and a national hero of Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and the United States. As Supreme Commander of the National Armed Forces, he led the Kosciuszko Uprising against the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia.

Lucius Annaeus Seneca minor (Latin: Lucius Annaeus Seneca minor, 4 BC - 65 BC), commonly known as Seneca or Seneca the Younger, also translated as Seneca. The son of Seneca the Elder, born in Cordoba, he was an ancient Roman Stoic philosopher, playwright, and politician. Growing up in Rome. He served as a mentor and advisor to Emperor Nero, but was accused of participating in the Pithonian conspiracy and was sentenced to death in 65 AD.

Cecilia Elena Rouse (English: Cecilia Elena Rouse; born December 18, 1963) is an American economist and dean of the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University. She is currently the chairperson of the Council of Economic Advisers. Rouse was born in Walnut Creek, California, and graduated from Harvard University. In 2020, U.S. President Joe Biden nominated Rouse as chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers. On March 2, 2021, the Senate voted to approve the nomination, and he took office on March 12 of the same year.

Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (French: Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle; November 22, 1890 - November 9, 1970) was a French strategist and politician who led the Free French Movement during World War II and briefly served as interim president after the war. He was later forced to resign due to leftist parties' opposition to his constitution that required strengthening the powers of the president. In 1958, the Fifth French Republic was established and he served as its first president. The French usually call de Gaulle "General de Gaulle" or even simply "General". De Gaulle attended the Saint-Cyr Military Academy in 1909 and received the Legion of Honor for his outstanding performance in World War I. During the interwar period, de Gaulle was active in different military departments and published many ideas on army building, mentioning the importance of tanks, professional armies, and modern armored mobile warfare. After the outbreak of World War II, he commanded the French armored division and fought many battles with the German army, and was later appointed Deputy Minister of War. After Philippe Pétain came to power, he resolutely fled to London, England, to form a Free French government to fight against the Vichy France led by Pétain. After the Free French and Allied armies liberated Paris in 1944, de Gaulle became chairman of the provisional government of the French Republic. He resigned in 1946 because he opposed the president's lack of real power and failed in the political struggle with the left. In 1958, de Gaulle returned to politics due to the Algerian War, formulated a new constitution, established the French Fifth Republic and was elected as the first president. He was successfully re-elected in 1965 until he resigned due to a defeat in the referendum in 1969. After de Gaulle left office, he concentrated on writing his memoirs and died in 1970. De Gaulle was well versed in power tactics and had mixed reputations. He was praised by Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Zedong, Churchill, Khrushchev, and Kissinger, but he was also criticized by Stalin, Roosevelt and others. Its supporters believe that de Gaulle saved France from danger and restored France's international status; opponents believe that de Gaulle created his own personal myth and was contrary to the democratic system. The French government and the public generally regard de Gaulle as a great head of state in French history, and named the capital airport and French aircraft carrier after him.

David Hamilton Koch (English: David Hamilton Koch, May 3, 1940 – August 23, 2019) was an American businessman, philanthropist, political activist, and chemical engineer. He was the fourth richest person in the United States in 2012, the richest person in New York City in 2013, and the ninth richest person in the world in 2014. He was also ranked 11th on Forbes' 2019 billionaire list, with assets of US$50.5 billion. He is a survivor of the crash of US Airways Flight 1493.

David Ricardo (English: David Ricardo; April 18, 1772 - September 11, 1823) was a British political economist and politician who served as a member of the British Parliament. He made systematic contributions to economics. Ricardo, along with Malthus, Adam Smith, and James Mill, is considered one of the most influential classical economists. He was also a successful businessman, financial and speculation expert, and accumulated a large amount of property. The University of Cambridge published 11 volumes of Ricardo's complete correspondence and writings between 1951 and 1973, edited by Piero Sraffa.

Ōshima Tadamori (Japanese: Ōshima insidesom/Oshima It's lonely, Romanized: Ōshima Tadamori, September 6, 1946 -) is a Japanese politician and a member of the Liberal Democratic Party. Born in Hachinohe City, Aomori Prefecture. He was elected to the House of Representatives for 11 consecutive terms from 1983 to 2021.

Ōhira Masayoshi (Japanese: Ōhira Masayoshi/Ohira Masayoshi, Romanized: Ōhira Masayoshi, March 12, 1910 - June 12, 1980) was the Prime Minister of Japan. He died of myocardial infarction during his tenure and was succeeded by Zenyuki Suzuki.

Oskar Ryszard Lange (English: Oskar Ryszard Lange, July 27, 1904 - October 2, 1965) was a Polish economist and diplomat. He advocated the use of market pricing tools in the socialist system and proposed the model of market socialism. Responding to the problems of economic calculation posed by Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek, he argued that managers in a planned economy would be able to monitor supply and demand through increases and decreases in inventories of goods, and argued for the nationalization of major industries. While in the United States, Lange worked as a teacher and researcher in mathematical economics. Later in the Polish People's Republic he became a member of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party.

Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck (German: Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck; April 1, 1815 - July 30, 1898), also known as Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen (1865), Prince Bismarck (Fürst von Bismarck) Bismarck; 1871), Duke of Lauenburg (Herzog zu Lauenburg; 1890), a German politician and diplomat who served as Prime Minister of the North German Confederation from 1867 to 1871. When the German Empire was founded in 1871, he became the first Prime Minister of the German Empire until his resignation in 1890. Bismarck was born into the Junker class and rose quickly as a diplomat during the reign of King William I of Prussia. During the Prussian constitutional crisis in 1862, he was appointed Prime Minister by William I. In his fight against the liberals, Bismarck ignored the existence of parliament. Externally, he launched successive wars against Denmark and Austria from 1864 to 1866, turning the Prussian-dominated Little Germany plan into the answer to Germany's problems. He also promoted the establishment of the German Empire through the Franco-Prussian War from 1870 to 1871. As Prime Minister of the German Empire, Bismarck was committed to the balance of power in Europe. After Bismarck came to power in 1861, his domestic policies can be roughly divided into two parts. First, he formed an alliance with moderate liberals and implemented many political reforms, including the introduction of civil marriage, in order to confront the Catholic Church. Beginning in 1870, Bismarck began to distance himself from liberals, turned to the implementation of protection policies and economic intervention policies, and established a social insurance system. In the 1880s, the Socialist Law was pushed to suppress socialists. Bismarck had many differences with Wilhelm II, who came to the throne in 1888, and Bismarck was dismissed by the latter in 1890. After retiring as Prime Minister, Bismarck still occupied a political place and often criticized the policies of his successors. In addition, he wrote an autobiography called "Memories and Thoughts" for himself, which described his many contributions to Germany and the German people in his memory, and how he would continue to contribute to Germany and the German people. Until the middle of the 20th century, historians had always had a very positive evaluation of Bismarck, calling him an "iron-blooded slayer".

Yao Xueyin (October 10, 1910 - April 29, 1999), formerly known as Yao Guansan, with Chinese-English characters, has used the pen names Xuehen, Xue, Shensi, Yao Dongbai, etc., male, native of Dengzhou, Henan, Chinese writer, his representative work "Li Zicheng". He has served as a member of the 5th, 6th and 7th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, chairman of the Hubei Federation of Literary and Art Circles, a member of the Chinese Federation of Literary and Art Circles, a director of the Chinese Writers Association, and a director of the China Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries. The "Yao Xueyin Long Historical Novel Award" was established.

Jiang Qingyun (November 25, 1904 - February 3, 1985), nicknamed Xinbai, was a native of Lanxi County, Zhejiang Province. A politician in the Republic of China, and later a pharmaceutical expert and politician in the People's Republic of China. He graduated from the Zhejiang Provincial Medical College and the Shanghai Law School in his early years. He successively served as executive member of the Zhejiang Provincial Party Headquarters of the Chinese Kuomintang, administrative inspector and security commander of the Fifth District of Zhejiang Province, representative of the Constitutional National Assembly, and member of the first legislative committee. He went to Taiwan in 1949 and returned to mainland China via Hong Kong in 1950. He joined the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang and served as a senior engineer at the Beijing Pharmaceutical Factory. He is the author of "New Chronicles of Zhejiang" and "Food and Herbal Medicine". Died in Beijing in 1985.

Wilbur Louis Ross Jr. (English: Wilbur Louis Ross Jr.; November 28, 1937 -) is an American investor who is good at reorganizing bankrupt companies in different industries, such as steel, coal mining, telecommunications, multinational investment companies, textiles and other industries, and is especially proficient in leveraged buyouts. He is a consultant to the Yale School of Management and a member of the Turnaround Management Association and the American Bankruptcy Institute. Appointed by President Clinton, Ross served on the board of directors of the U.S.-Russia Investment Fund and later became New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani's privatization adviser. In 2005, Ross was selected into the world's richest list by Forbes Magazine for the first time. On November 30, 2016, US President-elect Donald Trump nominated Ross to serve as US Secretary of Commerce. On February 27, 2017, the U.S. Senate approved the nomination with 72 votes in favor and 27 votes against. On July 23, 2021, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China announced sanctions against 6 individuals and 1 entity, including Wilbur Ross.

Diana, Princess of Wales (English: Diana, Princess of Wales, July 1, 1961 - August 31, 1997), formerly known as Diana Frances Spencer (English: Diana Frances Spencer), was the first wife of King Charles III (then Prince of Wales) and the mother of William, Prince of Wales, and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex. Diana was born into a British aristocratic family and had a close relationship with the royal family since she was a child. She lived in the Parker Manor in Sanjingxian Prefecture. In 1981, while working as a kindergarten teacher's assistant, she became engaged to Charles, the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II. Their wedding was held at St Paul's Cathedral in July 1981, making her the much-loved Princess of Wales. The couple had two sons, William and Harry, who were second and third in line to the British throne at the time. Diana and Charles' marriage suffered rifts due to personality incompatibility and extramarital affairs. They officially separated in 1992, shortly after news of their relationship's breakdown became public. The marital difficulties were widely reported in the media, and the couple eventually divorced in 1996. As Princess of Wales, Diana performed royal duties on behalf of the Queen and attended events across the Commonwealth. She was well-known in the media for her beauty and fashionable charm, and later attracted attention for her unconventional charity work. She early focused on sponsorship activities related to children and the elderly, and later became well-known for her participation in two important initiatives: one was to change social attitudes towards AIDS patients, and the other was to promote demining work through the International Red Cross. She is also committed to raising public awareness and support for patients with cancer and mental illness. Diana was initially known for her shy image, but her approachability and charisma endeared her to the public and she maintained her good reputation even after the public breakdown of her marriage. She is regarded as a fashion icon in the 1980s and 1990s, and can be called the darling of photographers. In August 1997, Diana died of serious injuries in a car accident in Paris; the incident triggered global media attention and massive public mourning. The coronial inquest, following an investigation led by Operation Paget, led by the Metropolitan Police, ruled that the death was unlawful. Her influence on the royal family and British society was profound. Her activism and charisma made her an international icon, gaining her lasting popularity.

William Edward Simon (English: William Edward Simon, November 27, 1927 - June 3, 2000) was a famous American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and politician. He served as Secretary of the Treasury, Chairman of the Petroleum Policy Council, and Director of the Federal Office of Energy, and was known as Richard Nixon's "Oil Czar."

William Learned Marcy (English: William Learned Marcy, December 12, 1786 - July 4, 1857), American politician, served as governor of New York State, U.S. Secretary of War, and U.S. Secretary of State.