People Library

Adam Smith (English: Adam Smith, June 5, 1723 (baptized) - July 17, 1790), a Scottish philosopher and economist in the 18th century, is often hailed as the "Father of Economics" or the "Father of Capitalism". He has two classic works: "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" and "The Wealth of Nations". The "Wealth of Nations" attempts to explain the history of European industrial and commercial development. It is the first modern systematic economics work and is regarded as a milestone in the development of economic thought. This work proposed many classic theories, including concepts such as free market economy, division of labor, absolute interests, and spontaneous market regulation, laying the foundation for classical free market economic theory. Smith studied moral philosophy at the University of Glasgow and Balliol College, Oxford University. After graduation, he successfully held a series of public lectures at the University of Edinburgh and established a profound philosophical friendship with David Hume, another representative of the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith subsequently obtained a professorship at the University of Glasgow, where he lectured on subjects such as moral philosophy and economics. While teaching, he simultaneously wrote and published The Theory of Moral Sentiments. He then served as a tutor to a nobleman, taking the opportunity to travel throughout Europe and meet other intellectual leaders of the Enlightenment. In response to the then common policy of protecting national markets and merchants by reducing imports and increasing exports (later known as mercantilism), Smith wrote "The Wealth of Nations", laying the foundation for classical free market economic theory. In this and other works, he developed the concept of the specialized division of labor and illustrated how individual rational self-interest and competition led to overall economic prosperity. His work as a whole had a profound influence on the development of economics, political philosophy, and moral philosophy.

Adam Richard Sandler (English: Adam Richard Sandler, September 9, 1966 -), American actor and film producer. After becoming a standout comedian and guest star on the American comedy show "Saturday Night Live," Sandler rose to become a major actor in Hollywood, appearing in seven major films with production budgets exceeding $100 million.

Arthur Schopenhauer (German: Arthur Schopenhauer, pronunciation: [ˈaʁtuːɐ̯ ˈʃoːpn̩haʊɐ]; February 22, 1788 - September 21, 1860) was a German philosopher and the founder of voluntarism. His ideas had a profound influence on modern academic and cultural circles. Unlike his contemporaries Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel, Schopenhauer did not eliminate the thing-in-itself. He inherited Kant's distinction between the thing-in-itself and representation, believing that it can be known through intuition, and identifying it as will. Schopenhauer believed that will is independent of time and space. It also includes all reason and knowledge. We can only get rid of it through meditation. Schopenhauer linked his famous philosophy of pessimism to this doctrine, arguing that being dominated by the will ultimately only brings nothingness and suffering. His repressed, distorted understanding of the mind's surrender to organs, desires, and impulses inspired later psychoanalysis and psychology.

Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, OM, FRS (English pronunciation [ˈɑːθə ˈstænli ˈedɪŋtən], December 28, 1882 - November 22, 1944), British astrophysicist and mathematician, was the first scientist to preach the theory of relativity in English. The limit of luminous intensity of dense (not hollow) objects in nature was named the "Eddington limit". During World War I, the British were not very aware of Germany's scientific progress. Eddington wrote "Report on the Relativistic Theory of Gravity" in 1919, which introduced Einstein's theory of general relativity to the English-speaking world for the first time.

Rehman Abdul Rauf Arafat Qudwa Al Husseini (Arabic: محمد ياسر عبد الرحمن عبد الرؤوف عرفات القدوة الحسيني, August 24, 1929 – November 11, 2004), commonly known as Yasser Arafat (Arabic: ياسر عرفات) or his nickname (كنية; Kunya) Abu Ammar (Arabic: أبو عمار, 'Abū `Ammār), leader of the Palestinian liberation movement, Palestinian leader, chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization and leader of Fatah, the largest faction of the PLO, and chairman of the Palestinian National Authority after its establishment in 1994. He was one of the recipients of the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize. Arafat is a highly controversial figure. Many Palestinians consider him a national hero, while some Israelis consider him a terrorist. Some Islamists and left-wing elements of the PLO also criticized him, believing that he had "made too many concessions" to the Israeli government and that his regime also had corruption problems.

Aristotle, ancient Greek philosopher, student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He and his school divided many Western disciplines in later generations, including physics, metaphysics, poetry (including drama), music, biology, economics, zoology, logic, politics, government, and ethics. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato’s teacher), he is known as the founder of Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first extensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing ethics, aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics.

Aaron Perry Taylor-Johnson (English: Aaron Perry Taylor-Johnson, June 13, 1990 -), maiden name is Johnson, is a British actor who has acted in stage plays, TV series and movies. He has been acting since the age of six and has appeared in films such as The Adventures of Alone, The Last of Us, and The Last of Us before appearing in the superhero films The Avengers and Avengers: Age of Ultron.

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (Italian: Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta, February 18, 1745 - March 5, 1827) was an Italian physicist who was famous for his invention of the battery in the 19th century and was later made a count.

Arthur Frank Burns (English: Arthur Frank Burns, April 27, 1904 - June 26, 1987) was born in Stanislau, Austria. He served as Chairman of the Federal Reserve from January 31, 1970 to March 8, 1978. He holds bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees from Columbia University and was the president of the American Economic Association. Burns taught at Rutgers University for more than ten years and returned to his alma mater to teach in 1941. Throughout his teaching career, Burns also served as president and chairman of the board of the National Bureau of Economic Research. He was later invited to serve as chairman of the President's Council of Economic Advisers and also served as a member of the President's Labor Management Policy Advisory Committee. Before serving as chairman of the Federal Reserve, he was also a special adviser to the president. Burns served as chairman of the Federal Reserve during the middle of the "Great Inflation" era (1965-1982). In short, loose monetary policy during periods of great inflation helps stimulate inflation and the expected upward pressure brought about by inflation. When inflation begins to rise, policymakers often respond laggingly, leading to an economic recession. Over the past decade, a number of unfavorable factors for the economy have fueled inflation. Such as oil and food price shocks. As Burns later concluded, “In an era of rapid change, there are too many opportunities for mistakes. After leaving the Fed, Burns became a distinguished scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, an adjunct professor at Georgetown University, and continued to speak on economic policy across the country. In 1979 he joined the bipartisan Anti-Inflation Commission, and in 1980 he chaired the Working Group on International Monetary Policy established by President Reagan, who later appointed him U.S. ambassador to Germany. Burns has published extensively in the field of economics, focusing on the study of business cycles, such as his books "Frontiers of Economic Knowledge: Essays" and "Reflections for Economic Policy Makers." Burns died in 1987.

Sir Arthur Charles Clarke, CBE (English: Sir Arthur Charles Clarke, December 16, 1917 - March 19, 2008), was a British writer and inventor, especially famous for writing science fiction novels. Clark's most famous science fiction work is "2001: A Space Odyssey". The book was made into a movie of the same name in 1968 by director Stanley Kubrick and became a classic masterpiece of science fiction movies. Clark passed away in Sri Lanka on March 19, 2008, at the age of 90. Before his death, he had just finished proofreading his last book, The Last Theorem, which was published in 2008.

Arthur Asher Miller (English: Arthur Asher Miller, October 17, 1915 - February 10, 2005), born in New York, United States, was an American Jewish playwright, social critic and essayist. He was also the third husband of Marilyn Monroe. His representative plays are "Death of a Salesman" and "The Witches of Salem". He is also a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors.

Yishu (September 25, 1946 -), whose real name is Ni Yishu, also has pen names such as Amei, Meifeng, Isabel, Rose, and Jiliguala. Yi Shu was born in Shanghai and is originally from Zhenhai, Zhejiang. Chinese-Canadian, Hong Kong writer. His representative works include "happy Bao", "The First Half of My Life", "Golden Years", etc. Yishu already enjoyed reading literary magazines and classical novels during his school days. In addition to novels, Yi Shu also writes essays, interviews with people, etc., and also writes a column in Ming Pao Weekly under the pen name "Yisha Bei". Most of his early works were published in "China Student Weekly", and later in "Ming Pao". Later works were published by Hong Kong Tiandi Books Co., Ltd. Many works have been adapted into movies and TV series. Most of the female characters in Yi Shu's works are self-loving and self-reliant, and their unique attitude affects many Chinese readers.

Henrietta Swan Leavitt (English: Henrietta Swan Leavitt, July 4, 1868 – December 12, 1921) was an American astronomer and a graduate of Radcliffe College. Since 1893, she worked as a calculator at the Harvard University Observatory, responsible for monitoring photosensitive films and calculating and recording the brightness of various stars. LeWitt's most famous achievement is the discovery of the period-to-perimeter relationship of Cepheids. This discovery was not recognized during her lifetime, but it enabled subsequent astronomers to calculate the distances between Earth and distant galaxies. After LeWitt's death, astronomer Hubble used the periodic light relationship of Cepheid variables, together with the spectral changes first measured by astronomer Vesto Sriver at the Lowell Observatory, to discover that the Milky Way is not the only galaxy in the universe, and that the universe has always been expanding. This is the famous Hubble's law.

Henri Cartier-Bresson (French: Henri Cartier-Bresson, pronunciation: [ɑʁi kaʁtje bʁɛsɔ]; August 22, 1908 – August 3, 2004) was a representative French photographer. He studied painting when he was young and started taking part in photography in 1930. In 1931, he traveled extensively and his works began to be published in newspapers, magazines and books. He prefers black and white photography, loves Leica 135 rangefinder cameras and 50mm standard lenses, opposes cropping photos and using flash, and believes that scene light should not interfere. He is known as one of the greatest photographers of the 20th century and the founder of modern photojournalism. He was the founder of the Magland Photo News Agency, and his photography theory of "decisive moments" influenced later generations.

Henry Alfred Kissinger (English: Henry Alfred Kissinger; May 27, 1923 - November 29, 2023) was an American politician, diplomat, and political scientist. He was highly used in the Richard Nixon administration and served as national security adviser and secretary of state. After the Watergate incident, he stayed in the Gerald Ford administration and continued to dominate U.S. foreign policy. Kissinger was a Jew born in Germany. When he was 15 years old, he immigrated to the United States with his parents to escape Nazi persecution. He served in the U.S. Army during World War II and was educated at Harvard University after the war, becoming a professor of government and earning an international reputation as an expert on nuclear weapons and foreign policy. Before being appointed national security adviser, he served as an adviser to government agencies, think tanks, and the presidential campaigns of Nelson Rockefeller and Richard Nixon. Kissinger pursued realpolitik and played a central role in U.S. foreign policy, especially "triangular diplomacy" from 1969 to 1977. During this period, he advocated a policy of détente, which eased tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. He secretly visited China in 1971 and played a crucial role in talks with Zhou Enlai, Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, paving the way for Nixon's visit to China in 1972 and promoting a new strategic Sino-US anti-Soviet alliance. He won the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize together with Vietnamese politician Le Duc Tho. After President Ford lost re-election in 1976, Kissinger became a professor at Georgetown University's Walsh School of Foreign Service. Kissinger passed away at home on November 29, 2023, at the age of 100. Kissinger is recognized as a theorist of world order and realist power balance in international relations. His theory mainly focuses on how to use national diplomatic means to establish political alliances in the international environment of bipolar confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union to resist the pressure of the Soviet Union. That is, the United States unites various forces to contain the Soviet Union, thereby achieving a relative balance between the two poles. Later, Kissinger's theory was also applied to a wider range of foreign relations, and was typically reflected in the foreign policies of US Presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan.

Henry Spencer Moore, OM, CH, FBA (English: Henry Spencer Moore, July 30, 1898 - August 31, 1986), British sculptor. Moore is best known for his large cast bronze sculptures and marble sculptures. Revered by the British art circle, his creations helped Britain occupy a place in modernist art. The hollow, reclining figures are the most typical of Moore's sculptural styles. This look is believed to have been inspired by a Toltec-Mayan sculpture he saw in Paris in 1925 called the "Chac Mool." The voids in Moore's early works often take more traditional forms, such as curved arms connected to the subject. Later, it gradually evolved into a hollow on the main body, thus causing the main body to have a concave and convex or curved appearance. A similar style was developed in the work of Barbara Hepworth of the same period, who was initially influenced by Moore's work.

Henry Jaynes Fonda (English: Henry Jaynes Fonda, May 16, 1905 - August 12, 1982), a famous American film, TV series, and stage actor. Father of actor Jane Fonda. Henry Fonda was known as "Hank" to his friends and family. Fonda participated in Broadway stage performances in his early years and began acting in films after 1935. During her 46-year acting career, Fonda appeared in an impressive series of films, playing both good and bad roles. He is the winner of the Academy Award for Best Actor, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor, the Oscar Lifetime Achievement Award, and the Golden Globe Lifetime Achievement Award. In 1999, he was named the sixth greatest male movie star in the past century by the American Film Institute.

Henry Lee III (January 29, 1756 - March 25, 1818), American soldier, politician, Federalist, served as governor of Virginia (1791-1794) and member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1799-1800). He fought against the British in the American Revolutionary War and was known as "Light Cavalry Henry." Henry Lee III was the father of Robert E. Lee, Commander-in-Chief of the Confederate Forces of America.

Henri Dunant (French: Henri Dunant, pronounced: [ɑʁi dynɑə]; May 8, 1828 - October 30, 1910) was a Swiss businessman and humanitarian, the founder of the Red Cross Movement, and later generations respectfully called him the "Father of the Red Cross." In 1859, while on a business trip, he witnessed the aftermath of the Battle of Solferino. Later, he recorded this experience in his book "Memoirs of Solferino". The ideas in the book eventually led to the creation of the "International Committee for the Relief of the Wounded Soldiers" in 1863 (that is, The predecessor of the International Committee of the Red Cross). The 1864 Geneva Convention was also based on Dunant's humanitarian ideas. In 1901 he and Frenchman Frederic Passy won the first Nobel Peace Prize.

Henri Bergson (French: Henri Bergson, pronounced: [ɑʁi bɛʁksɔn]; October 18, 1859 – January 4, 1941) was a French philosopher known for his beautiful writing and attractive ideas. In 1928, he won the 1927 Nobel Prize for Literature for "Creative Evolution".

Henry Ford (English: Henry Ford, July 30, 1863 - April 7, 1947) was an American automotive engineer and industrialist who founded the Ford Motor Company in 1903. Henry Ford was the first person in the world to actually apply the assembly line concept to a factory and achieve mass production with great success. Henry Ford did not invent the automobile or the assembly line, but he made the automobile truly popular in the United States. This new production method made the automobile a mass product. It not only revolutionized the way of industrial production, but also had a huge impact on modern society and American culture. Henry Ford launched the Ford Model T, which revolutionized transportation and American industry. Henry Ford is the boss of the Ford Motor Company. Due to the sales of the Ford Model T, he has become the richest and most well-known person in the world. Not only that, he did not chase capital like other small owners. On the contrary, he brought Fordism: mass production of many cheap products and the introduction of the concept of assembly line production, which made the car manufacturing process more automated, thereby reducing costs and making cars affordable for ordinary people. And give workers high wages. Henry Ford had the vision to believe that consumerism was the basis for peace. Henry Ford's commitment to systematic cost reduction resulted in many technological and business innovations, including franchise chains that could be implemented in most of North America and in large cities on six continents. Henry Ford left most of his fortune to the Ford Foundation, which was earmarked for education and scientific research. Henry Ford was widely known for his pacifist stance during the first years of World War I, but he also wrote an anti-Semitic book, The International Jew.

Antoine Henri Becquerel (French: Antoine Henri Becquerel, December 15, 1852 - August 25, 1908), first translated Becquerel, was a French physicist. Together with the Curies, he won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the phenomenon of natural radioactivity. The becquerel (Bq), the SI unit of radioactivity, is named after him. Inspired by Röntgen's discovery of X-rays, Bekele studied the phosphorescence of uranium and potassium bisulfates. He exposed the two materials to sunlight and then wrapped the exposed materials and photosensitive film together in black paper. After a period of time, the film is developed and the image of uranium crystals appears on the film. Beckler speculated: "The phosphorescent rays emitted by the material can pass through the opaque paper." At first he thought the crystal was absorbing the sun's energy and then emitting X-rays. On February 26 and February 27, 1896, Bekele planned to expose the wrapped uranium and photosensitive films to the sun, but Paris was cloudy and the sunlight was intermittent, which did not achieve the ideal experimental results, so he returned the materials to the drawer and stored them in the dark. It was cloudy for the next few days, and the sunlight stimulation experiment could not be carried out. When he developed the film on March 1, he expected that the intensity of phosphorescence would be very weak because the sunlight did not excite it for long, and he could only see a blurry image. Unexpectedly, he saw a very clear image, which surprised him. Further experiments showed that uranium can emit radiation without the need for an external energy source such as sunlight, so he discovered radioactivity, the spontaneous emission of radiation from the material. In 1900, Becqueler, who was measuring the properties of beta particles later in his life, realized that they had the same measurements as high-speed electrons leaving the nucleus of an atom. In 1901 Bekele discovered that radiation could be used in medicine. He discovered this phenomenon when he placed a piece of radium in his vest pocket and realized that he had been burned by it. This discovery led to the development of radiotherapy, which is now used to treat cancer. Bekele did not live long after discovering radioactivity. He died in Le Croisic, France on August 25, 1908, at the age of 55. The cause of his death is unknown, but reports say "his skin was severely burned, possibly from handling radioactive material."

Henri-Emile Benoit Matisse, French painter, sculptor and printmaker, founder of Fauvism. Matisse, along with Picasso and Marcel Duchamp, brought great changes to the plastic arts in the early 20th century. He is also the leader of the Fauves. Fauvism advocated the theory of Impressionism and contributed to the first art movement of the 20th century. The use of bold and flat colors and informal lines is Matisse's style. His playful structures, vivid colors and light themes are what made him famous and made him one of the most important figures in modern art.

Henry Dargan McMaster (English: Henry Dargan McMaster, May 27, 1947 -) is a Republican politician from South Carolina in the United States and the current governor of South Carolina. He was born in Columbia, South Carolina. He was chairman of the South Carolina Republican Party from 1994 to 2011. He takes over as South Carolina governor after former South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley became the United States' permanent representative to the United Nations.