Scientists

George Horace Gallup (English: George Horace Gallup, November 18, 1901 - July 26, 1984) was a pioneer of scientific polling in the United States. He used statistical principles to conduct public opinion polls, established the Gallup Poll, and was the founder of the sampling survey method.

Elwood Vernon Jensen (January 13, 1920 – December 16, 2012) was an American medical scientist and the George and Elizabeth Chair in Cancer Research at the Vontz Center for Molecular Biology at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. In 2004, he received the Lasker Basic Medical Research Award for his research on the estrogen receptor. Born in Fargo, North Dakota, Jensen received a bachelor's degree from Wittenberg University in 1940 and a doctorate in organic chemistry from the University of Chicago in 1944. Janssen studied steroid hormones in Chicago starting in 1947, where he isolated estrogen receptors and discovered their importance in breast cancer.

Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (German: Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger; August 12, 1887 - January 4, 1961) was an Austrian theoretical physicist and one of the founders of quantum mechanics. In 1926, he proposed the Schrödinger equation, which provided a method for calculating wave functions and their evolution, laying a solid foundation for quantum mechanics. He proposed the Schrödinger's Cat thought experiment, trying to prove the incompleteness of quantum mechanics under macroscopic conditions, and explore the concepts of measurement and superposition states in quantum mechanics. In 1933, Schrödinger and the British physicist Paul Dirac jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physics for "the discovery of new forms that are useful in atomic theory" for their discovery of the Schrödinger equation and the Dirac equation. Schrödinger coined the term "quantum entanglement" in 1935. In addition, Schrödinger wrote many works on various aspects of physics: statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, dielectric physics, color theory, electrodynamics, general relativity and cosmology, and made many attempts to construct a unified field theory. Schrödinger in his book "What is Life?" "" discusses genetic issues and looks at life phenomena from the perspective of physics; he also pays great attention to the philosophical aspects of science, ancient and Eastern philosophical concepts, ethics and religion, and writes articles on philosophy and theoretical biology. In popular culture, he is best known for his "Schrödinger's Cat" thought experiment.

Amalie Emmy Noether (German: Amalie Emmy Noether, March 23, 1882 - April 14, 1935), a German mathematician, was a prominent figure in abstract algebra and theoretical physics. Many well-known scholars have hailed Noether as the most outstanding female mathematician in history; the fields of mathematics she developed include rings, fields, and algebra over fields; in physics, the Noether theorem she proved revealed the close relationship between symmetry and conservation laws. Noether was born into a Jewish family in the town of Erlangen in Franconia, Germany. His father was the mathematician Max Noether. Noether originally prepared to be a French and English teacher, but ultimately chose to study mathematics at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, where her father taught; she completed her doctoral thesis in 1907 under the supervision of Paul Goldin, and then worked without pay for seven years at the Erlangen Institute of Mathematics, at a time when women were generally not allowed to hold teaching positions. In 1915, David Hilbert and Felix Klein invited her to serve in the mathematics department of the world-leading University of Göttingen. However, she was opposed by the professor of the philosophy department, so Noether taught in Hilbert's name for four years. In 1919, Nott finally obtained the charter of teaching qualifications and the title of lecturer. Noether was an important figure in the mathematics department of the University of Göttingen. In 1924, the Dutch mathematician Barthel Lundt van der Walden joined Noether's research team. Her research results became the basis for the second volume of van der Walden's 1931 textbook "Modern Algebra" and had a profound influence. In 1932, Noether addressed the International Congress of Mathematicians in Zurich, Switzerland, and became famous worldwide for her achievements in algebra. The following year, the German Nazi government banned Jews from holding university faculty positions. Knott immigrated to the United States and became a professor at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania. In 1935, she underwent surgery for an ovarian cyst and died four days later at the age of 53. Noether's mathematical research career can be divided into three periods. During the first period from 1908 to 1919, she made significant contributions to the field of algebraic invariants and fields. In terms of differential invariants in the calculus of variations, the Noether's theorem she proved became one of the most important mathematical theorems in the development of modern physics. During the second period from 1920 to 1926, she carried out work that would revolutionize abstract algebra. In her paper "The Ideal Theory of Rings" published in 1921, she developed the ideal theory of commutative rings into a widely used tool. She cleverly used the chain-raising conditions,

Eric Richard Kandel (English: Eric Richard Kandel, German: [ˈkandəl], November 7, 1929 -) was born in Vienna, Austria, and later immigrated to the United States. Graduated from New York University in 1956. Since 1974, he has been a professor at Columbia University. In 2000, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Paul Greengard for his contributions to the field of neurology.

Kip Stephen Thorne (English: Kip Stephen Thorne, June 1, 1940 - ) is an American theoretical physicist whose main contributions are in the fields of gravitational physics and astrophysics. Thorne has maintained long-term friends and colleagues with the British physicist Stephen Hawking and the American astronomer, popular science writer, and science fiction writer Carl Sagan. He served as the Feynman Professor of Theoretical Physics at the California Institute of Technology until 2009. He is one of the leaders in the world today in the study of general relativity theory and experiments in the field of astrophysics. In 2017, Thorne shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Rainer Weiss and Barry Barish for their decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and gravitational wave detection.

Mozi (468 BC - 376 BC), whose surname is Mo and whose given name is Zhai, was born in the Song State (now Shangqiu, Henan Province) in the late Spring and Autumn Period and the early Warring States Period. It is said that he was a native of the Lu State (now Mushi Town, Tengzhou, Shandong Province). He was a famous Chinese thinker, scientist, educator, military strategist, and generalist.

Dorothy Mary Hodgkin, OM, FRS (English: Dorothy Mary Hodgkin, May 12, 1910 - July 29, 1994), nee Crowfoot, was a British female biochemist who promoted the development of protein crystallography. Born in Cairo, she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964.

David Hilbert (German: David Hilbert, January 23, 1862 - February 14, 1943), a German mathematician, was one of the most influential mathematicians in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and is known as the "Father of Modern Mathematics." Hilbert was born in Königsberg in 1862. He was respected as a great mathematician for proposing a large number of ideas (such as invariant theory, axiomatic geometry, Hilbert spaces). He later succeeded Felix Klein and built the University of Göttingen into a world center of mathematics. Later, under the impact of the Nazi regime, the University of Göttingen lost a large number of talents and its glory collapsed. In 1943, the melancholy Hilbert died in Göttingen, Germany. He proposed the theory of Hilbert space, which is one of the foundations of functional analysis. He enthusiastically supported Cantor's research on set theory and transfinite numbers. A series of problems he raised at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1900 (Hilbert's 23 problems) pointed out the direction for many mathematical studies in the 20th century. Hilbert and his students made important contributions to forming the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics and general relativity. He was also one of the founders of proof theory, mathematical logic, and the distinction between mathematics and metamathematics. Hilbert is also a well-known mathematics educator, known for his vivid lectures and appropriate examples.

Neil deGrasse Tyson (English: Neil deGrasse Tyson, October 5, 1958 -) is an American astronomer who specializes in cosmology. After his postdoc, he stopped doing cutting-edge academic research and transformed into a science communicator promoting astronomy to the public. He is famous in the United States and won the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal (2004) and the National Academy of Sciences Outstanding Public Welfare Medal (2015). Founder and research associate of the Department of Astronomy and Physics at the American Museum of Natural History, and director of the Hayden Planetarium at the museum's Ross Center for Earth and Space. Both of his parents are researchers working for the U.S. government. His father is African American and his mother is Puerto Rican. Since 2006, he has hosted NOVA ScienceNOW, PBS' science education program, and has been a frequent guest on The Daily Show, The Colbert Report, Live with BMA, and Jeopardy! On August 5, 2011, Tyson announced that he would take over as host of the new show "Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey" for the next season of the show "Cosmos: A Personal Voyage" originally hosted by Carl Sagan.

August Herman Pfund (December 28, 1879 - January 4, 1949) was an American physicist and spectroscopist. Born in Madison, Wisconsin, United States in 1879, he discovered the Pfund system of hydrogen atomic spectrum in 1924. "Pfund" is also used to name a unit of mass, 1 pfund = 500 grams.

Oscar Morgenstern (German: Oskar Morgenstern; January 24, 1902 - July 26, 1977) was a German-born economist whose doctoral supervisor was Ludwig von Mises. Morgenstern's masterpiece "Game Theory and Economic Behavior" co-authored with John von Neumann founded game theory from a mathematical perspective.

Omowunmi "Wunmi" A. Sadik (English: Omowunmi "Wunmi" A. Sadik, born June 19, 1964) is a Nigerian professor, chemist and inventor who works at Binghamton University. She has developed microelectrode biosensors that can be used to detect drugs and explosives, and is committed to developing recycling technologies for waste metal ions to benefit environmental and industrial applications. In 2012, Sadik co-founded a nonprofit called the Sustainable Nanotechnology Organization.

Omar Mwannes Yaghi (English: عمر مونّس ياغي; born February 9, 1965) is a Jordanian-American chemist known for pioneering reticular chemistry and developing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). For the results of this work, he jointly won the 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Susumu Kitagawa and Richard Robson. Yagi is currently the James and Neeltje Tretter Chair Professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also a scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, founding director of the Berkeley Global Science Institute, and a fellow of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. In January 2025, he became the seventh president of the World Cultural Council, an international organization that promotes cultural and scientific progress. Professor Yaghi created reticular chemistry, a new branch of chemistry in which molecules are held together by strong bonds to form open framework structures. He is also the pioneer and founder of Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) and Covalent Organic Framework (COF). Professor Yaghi also pioneered chemical molecular weaving technology and synthesized the world's first material that was woven at the atomic and molecular levels. Professor Yaghi has been named one of the "Top Ten Scientists in the United States" and is the only recipient of the American Materials Society Medal. In 2010, the H-index ranked second among scientists in the world. In 2018, Professor Yaghi won the Wolf Prize in Chemistry, the highest honor in the Hall of Chemistry.

Yao Chi-Chih Yao (English: Andrew Chi-Chih Yao; December 24, 1946 -) is a Chinese computer scientist born in Shanghai. In 2000, Yao Qizhi won the Turing Award and is currently the only Chinese to win this award. Yao Chi-chi is currently the Dean of the School of Artificial Intelligence, the Dean of the Institute of Cross-Information Research, the Director and Professor of the Theoretical Computer Science Research Center of Tsinghua University in Beijing, the Bowen Chair Professor of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, the Honorary Chair of the National Tsinghua University in Hsinchu, and the Distinguished Research Chair Professor of the National Taiwan University.

William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. (December 9, 1919 - April 14, 2011) was an American inorganic chemist who mainly studied experimental chemistry, theoretical chemistry and biochemistry. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1976 for his research on the structure of borane.

William Harvey (English: William Harvey, April 1, 1578 - June 3, 1657) was an English physician and one of the founders of experimental physiology. He was the first known physician to systematically describe the processes of the pulmonary and systemic circulations. Based on experiments, he confirmed the phenomenon of blood circulation in animals and clarified the role of the heart in the circulation process. He pointed out that blood is driven by the heart, flows along the arteries and blood vessels to all parts of the body, and then returns to the heart along the venous blood vessels, with endless circulation. He also measured the heart's stroke volume. He published "Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus" (Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus) in 1628 and "De Generatione" (De Generatione) in 1651. These achievements played a large role in the development of physiology and embryology.

William Barton Rogers (1804-1882) was an American natural scientist in the 19th century and the founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He served as the president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology twice from 1861 to 1870 and from 1879 to 1881.

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (German: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, March 27, 1845 - February 10, 1923) was a German physicist who became the winner of the first Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of X-rays. On November 8, 1895, when he was the president of the University of Würzburg in Germany, he observed a faint light emitted from a screen coated with barium platinocyanate placed near the ray tube while conducting experiments on cathode rays. Finally, he was convinced that this was a new type of ray that was not yet known. Some people proposed to name the new rays he discovered "Roentgen rays", but Roentgen insisted on using the name "X-rays", and the machine that produced X-rays was called an X-ray machine. Roentgen's name is generally written as Roentgen in English (another spelling of the German name Röntgen), and many English documents and materials use this spelling. In 1901, the first Nobel Prize was awarded, and Roentgen won the Nobel Prize in Physics.

William Howard Stein (June 25, 1911 - February 2, 1980) was an American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1972.

William Howell Masters (English: William Howell Masters, December 27, 1915 - February 16, 2001), an American gynecologist and scientist, organized the Masters and Johnson Sexology Research Group and was an important scientist in the study of human sexual behavior.

Sun Ninghui (March 1968-), male, native of Shouxian County, Anhui Province, born in Shanghai, is director and researcher of the Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Sun Tzu was an ancient Chinese mathematician who lived from the Cao Wei to Jin Dynasties from the 3rd to 5th centuries AD. Sun Tzu was interested in astronomy, attempted to develop a calendar, and studied Diophantine's equations. He is the author of Sun Tzu's Suan Jing, which contains the earliest known Chinese remainder theorem.

Sun Fengchun (June 6, 1958 -), male, from Linli, Hunan, is a Chinese vehicle electrification expert and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.