Political figures

Jodi Rell (English: Jodi Rell; June 16, 1946 - November 20, 2024), American Republican politician. He served as the 87th Governor of Connecticut from 2004 to 2011 and previously served as the 85th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut. On November 9, 2009, he announced that he would not run for re-election in the 2010 election, and was succeeded by Danel Malloy as governor.

Violeta Tomič (Slovenian: Violeta Tomić, sometimes Violeta Tomič; January 22, 1963 -) is a Slovenian politician, television host and actress. She served as deputy coordinator of the Left Party and a member of the National Assembly. Born in Sarajevo, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. In 1985, graduated from the University of Ljubljana. From 2003 to 2006, he served as the host of the program "The Wise Man is King" on Slovenian Radio and Television. In the 2019 European Parliament elections, she served as the lead candidate of the European United Left/Nordic Green Left, but she was not elected.

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин; December 18, 1878 – March 5, 1953), formerly known as Joseph Bessarionisze Dzhugashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ბესარიონის ძე ჯუღაშვილი), a Soviet politician, proletarian revolutionist, Marxist-Leninist thinker, and supreme leader of the Soviet Union. He served successively as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), Chairman of the People's Council of the Soviet Union (later renamed the Council of Ministers), and Chairman of the National Defense Committee. He was in power from 1924 until his death in 1953. Dzhugashvili was born in Gori, Russian Empire, and graduated from Tiflis Theological Seminary. After becoming a Marxist, he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. He supported the Bolshevik faction and organized the 1907 Tiflis bank robbery to raise funds for the revolution. In 1913, he began to use the pen name "Stalin" (Сталин, meaning "Man of Steel"). After the victory of the Russian October Revolution in 1917 and the Bolsheviks coming to power, Stalin became one of the seven members of the Politburo. After the founding of the Soviet Union, Stalin became the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Although Lenin objected to Stalin continuing to serve as general secretary, he was opposed by the party and failed. After Lenin's death in 1924, Stalin successfully took power and purged the opposition. He inherited socialism in one country, and Lenin's new economic policies were gradually replaced by planned economy and collectivist policies. Stalin successfully achieved large-scale industrialization, rapidly transforming the Soviet Union into a heavy industrial power, with industrial output second only to the United States. However, its implementation of agricultural collectivization triggered the Great Famine in the Soviet Union in 1932. In the 1930s, while establishing a cult of personality, he carried out large-scale arrests, exiles, or labor camps against party, government, and military leaders, ethnic minorities, and the general public, resulting in the deaths of millions of people. This period is therefore known as the Great Purge of the Soviet Union. In August 1939, Stalin signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany led by Hitler, divided Poland, and occupied Western Ukraine and Western Belarus west of the Curzon Line. After that, the Soviet Union marched and occupied the Baltic countries. However, the relationship between the two sides subsequently deteriorated, and Germany tore up the agreement and invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. Despite initial losses, the Soviet Red Army finally defeated Nazi Germany, won the Soviet-German War, and declared the end of the European battlefield of World War II. After World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States became two superpowers, and Stalin promoted socialism in Eastern Europe.

Joseph Alois Schumpeter (German: Joseph Alois Schumpeter, pronounced: [ˈʃʊmpeːtɐ]; February 8, 1883 – January 8, 1950) was an Austrian political economist with far-reaching influence.

Josip Broz Tito (Serbian Cyrillic: Јосип Броз Тито, Serbian Latin, Croatian: Josip Broz Tito; May 7, 1892 - May 4, 1980), whose real name was Josip Broz (Serbian Cyrillic: Јосип Броз, Serbian Latin alphabet, Croatian: Josip Broz), commonly known as Tito (Serbian Cyrillic alphabet: Тито, Serbian Latin alphabet, Croatian: Tito), Yugoslav revolutionary and politician, General Secretary and Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist League of Yugoslavia, President and Prime Minister of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and Marshal of Yugoslavia. He has been in power in Yugoslavia for 36 years. Although his reign has been criticized as authoritarian or dictatorial, some describe him as a benevolent dictator, and his personal image is often seen as a symbol of the unity of the ethnic groups within the Yugoslav federation. He was also one of the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement and worked with Indian Prime Minister Nehru and Egyptian President Nasser. His political ideology is known as Titoism.

John Middleton Clayton (July 24, 1796 - November 9, 1856), American politician, served as Secretary of State (1849-1850). He was born in Dagosboro, Delaware. After graduating from Yale University, he became a lawyer. Elected to the Senate in 1829. During his tenure as Secretary of State, in 1850 he signed a treaty with Bulwer, the British ambassador to the United States, and reached an agreement of "equal interests" on the issue of canal construction in Central America. They agreed not to seize colonies in Central America and jointly controlled the future canal. In 1901, the Clayton-Bulva Treaty was replaced by the Sea-Ponsford Treaty, giving the United States control of the Panama Canal.

John Milton (English: John Milton, December 9, 1608 - November 8, 1674), British poet and thinker. He served as a civil servant during the Republic of England. He is famous for his epic poem "Paradise Lost" and "On the Freedom of the Press" which opposed the censorship of books and newspapers. Because he opposed the religious reform of Charles I, he gave up his priesthood and turned to literary creation, his representative work is "Paradise Lost".

John Eric Ensign (English: John Eric Ensign; March 25, 1958 -) is an American politician and physicist. He was one of Nevada's two Senate members from 2001 to 2011. He was born in California to an Italian father. Ensign's main location is Las Vegas.

John Gray (English: John Nicholas Gray, born April 17, 1948) is a British political philosopher and writer whose research involves analytic philosophy, intellectual history and philosophical pessimism. He served as professor at the School of European Thought at the London School of Economics and Political Science, retiring in 2008. Gray is a frequent contributor to The Guardian, Times Literary Supplement and the New Statesman, for which he is a leading book reviewer. John Gray is an atheist.

John Hancock (English: John Hancock, January 23, 1737 - October 8, 1793), American businessman, revolutionary, politician, and one of the founding fathers of the United States. He served as president of the Continental Congress from 1775 to 1777 and as governor of Massachusetts from 1780 to 1785 and 1787 to 1793. Due to his gorgeous signature on the American Declaration of Independence, "John Hancock" has become synonymous with autographs in the United States. Before the American Revolution, Hancock inherited a lucrative business company from his uncle and was one of the wealthiest men in thirteen North American states. He began his political career as a protégé of Samuel Adams, a well-known Boston politician, but the two gradually became estranged. In the 1760s, as relations between the North American colonies and Britain became increasingly tense, Hancock began to use his wealth to support the cause of colonial independence. He became even more popular in Massachusetts after British officials seized his sloop Liberty in 1768 and charged him with smuggling. The British charges against him were eventually dropped. He is often described as a smuggler in historical records, but the accuracy of this description has been questioned. Hancock was one of Boston's leaders during the American Revolution. He served for more than two years in the Continental Congress in Philadelphia, and as president of the convention was the first to sign the American Declaration of Independence. Thereafter, he returned to his native Massachusetts and was elected its first governor, a position he held for much of the rest of his life. He used his influence to secure Massachusetts' ratification of the United States Constitution in 1788.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (German: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, pronounced: [ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfɡaŋ fɔn ˈɡøːtə] ; August 28, 1749 - March 22, 1832), a German writer, philosopher, esthetician, natural scientist, critic and political figure. Together with Friedrich Schiller, he was a representative figure of the Sturm und Drang movement and Weimar classicism. Goethe is considered one of the greatest and most influential writers in the history of German literature. His works have had a profound impact on Western literature, politics and philosophical thought.

John Podesta (English: John Podesta, January 8, 1949 -), an American Democratic politician, served as the White House Chief of Staff in the Clinton administration from 1998 to 2001, and served as a presidential adviser in the Obama administration from 2014 to 2015. From 2022 to 2025, he will serve as a senior adviser to the President in the Biden administration. From 2024, he will also serve as the U.S. President's special climate envoy. In 2003, Podesta founded the Center for American Progress. In October 2016, approximately 20,000 of Podesta's emails were leaked by WikiLeaks.

John Locke (English: John Locke, August 29, 1632 - October 28, 1704, FRS), a famous British philosopher, one of the most influential Enlightenment philosophers, and is widely described as the father of liberalism. In the theory of knowledge, Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume are listed as representatives of British empiricism. Locke also made important contributions to the theory of social contract. He developed a theory that was different from Thomas Hobbes's state of nature, arguing that government could only be justified if it obtained the consent of the governed and guaranteed the people's natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Locke believed that a social contract could only be established with the consent of the governed, and in the absence of such consent, the people had the right to overthrow the government. John Locke divided state power into legislative power, executive power and external power, and advocated the separation of legislative power and executive power, and the unification of administrative power and external power; legislative power is the highest power of the country. Locke's ideas had a huge impact on the development of political philosophy in later generations, and he is widely regarded as the most influential thinker and liberal during the Enlightenment era. His writings also greatly influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, as well as many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers and the American Founding Fathers. The American Declaration of Independence was also influenced by his classical republican and liberal ideas. Locke's theory of spiritual philosophy is generally regarded as the founder of "ontology" and self-theory in modernism, and also influenced the later works of David Hume, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Immanuel Kant. Locke was the first philosopher to define the concept of self in terms of continuous "consciousness". He also proposed the hypothesis that the mind is a "blank slate". Unlike Descartes or Christian philosophy, Locke believed that humans are born without any memory or thought.

John Rawls (English: John Rawls, February 21, 1921 - November 24, 2002) was an American political philosopher and ethicist who believed in liberalism. He graduated with a doctorate in philosophy from Princeton University and served as a professor of philosophy at Harvard University. He is the author of "A Theory of Justice" (1971), "Political Liberalism", "Justice as Fairness: A New Theory of Justice", "The Law of Peoples" and other famous works. Rawls was one of the leading representatives of political philosophy in the 1970s, and many of his students have now become important figures in moral and political philosophy, such as Thomas Nagel and Joshua Cohen.

John Fitzgerald Kennedy, abbreviated as JFK, was the 35th President of the United States. On November 22, 1963, President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, becoming the fourth U.S. president to be assassinated. Kennedy's death changed the development direction of American politics and is regarded as a key turning point in American history.

Ji Dengkui (March 17, 1923 - July 13, 1988), a native of Wuxiang, Shanxi Province, was a political figure of the Communist Party of China and the People's Republic of China, and a former deputy national leader. Active in the middle and late stages of the "Cultural Revolution" and the "post-Mao Zedong era". He joined the Communist Party of China in April 1938. He was an alternate member of the Political Bureau of the 9th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and a member of the Political Bureau of the 10th and 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. He was a cadre appreciated and trained by Mao Zedong in his later years. He served as deputy leader of the Business Group of the State Council, vice premier of the State Council, leader of the Central Political and Legal Group, and a leading member of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China. Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, he has been politically marginalized and marginalized; at the Fifth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in February 1980, he officially resigned from all positions. After 1983, he was appointed as a ministerial-level researcher at the Rural Development Research Center of the State Council. On July 13, 1988, he died of a sudden heart attack in Beijing at the age of 65.

Nadia María Calviño Santamaría (Spanish: Nadia María Calviño Santamaría, born October 3, 1968), female, Galician, Spanish politician, economist, former Director of the European Commission’s Budget Directorate. He has been the Minister of Economy since 2018, and was promoted to concurrently serve as the Third Deputy Prime Minister (Deputy Government Chairman) in January 2020 when the second Sanchez cabinet was formed. He was promoted to the Second Deputy Prime Minister in March 2021, and became the First Deputy Prime Minister three months later.

Hosokawa Hosokawa Morihiro, born on January 14, 1938 in Tokyo, Japan, is a politician, ceramicist, and the 79th Prime Minister of the Cabinet. He was born in Kumamoto City, Kumamoto Prefecture. He is a descendant of the Warring States generals Hosokawa Tadayaki and Maeda Toshiie, and the grandson of former Prime Minister Konoe Fumimaro.

Hosoda Hiroyuki (Japanese: Hosoda Hiroyuki/, Romanized: Hosoda Hiroyuki (April 5, 1944 - November 10, 2023), a politician from the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan, was born in Matsue City, Shimane Prefecture. He has served as Speaker of the House of Representatives, Chief Cabinet Secretary, Minister in Charge of the Cabinet Office, Secretary-General of the Liberal Democratic Party, and General Affairs Chairman of the Liberal Democratic Party. He was continuously elected to the House of Representatives for 11 terms from 1990 to 2023. He once belonged to the Seiwa Policy Research Association (Abe faction) within the Liberal Democratic Party and served as the faction president from 2014 to 2021.

Willy Brandt (German: Willy Brandt, December 18, 1913 - October 8, 1992), formerly known as Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm (German: Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm), was a German politician and former Chancellor of West Germany. He was the first German Social Democratic Chancellor in Germany after 1930. During the Nazi regime, he fled to Norway and then Sweden, where he assumed the alias Willy Brandt to avoid detection by Nazi agents. Brandt maintained West Germany's close ties with the United States and worked to strengthen European integration in Western Europe, while launching new policies. The Eastern Policy aimed at improving relations with Eastern Europe. The Brandt Report has become an accepted measure of the widespread North-South divide in the world's economy and politics between the wealthy North and the poor South. Brandt was also known for his fierce anti-communist policies at home, which ended with the 1972 Act. Resigned as prime minister in 1974.

Victoria (English: Victoria; May 24, 1819 - January 22, 1901), whose real name was Alexandrina Victoria, was the Queen of the United Kingdom from 1837 to 1901. She was crowned Queen of India in 1876. His reign witnessed Britain's most glorious achievements in industry, politics, science and military fields, and was accompanied by large-scale colonial expansion, and is called the Victorian era. Queen Victoria's reign lasted 63 years, longer than any previous monarch. This record was not broken until more than a century later by Elizabeth II. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward (the fourth son of George III) and Princess Victoria from Germany. She was not the first heir to the throne, and neither of her parents were monarchs. After the death of her father and grandfather in 1820, she grew up under the strict supervision of her mother and the royal comptroller John Conroy. Since her father's three brothers had no legitimate children, Victoria became the heir to the royal family. In 1837, Victoria's uncle William IV died, Victoria succeeded to the throne and was crowned the following year. As a constitutional monarch, she tries to influence government policies and ministerial appointments in private; in public, she becomes a national symbol and is seen as the embodiment of strict personal moral standards. In 1840, Victoria married her cousin Prince Albert, who was the same age as her. Their nine children married royal nobles from various European countries, earning her the nickname "Grandmother of Europe". The later German Emperor Wilhelm II was her grandson. After the death of Prince Albert in 1861, Victoria fell into long-term mourning and avoided public activities. This secluded life caused a surge in British republicanism, but she regained the love of the people later in her reign. Its golden and diamond jubilee became a national celebration. In 1876, she was crowned the Queen of India. In January 1901, Victoria, 81, died at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. As the last British monarch of the Hanoverian dynasty, his son Edward VII succeeded to the throne and started the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasties.

Roy Marcus Cohn (English: Roy Marcus Cohn, February 20, 1927 - August 2, 1986), born in the Bronx, New York City, United States, was a lawyer who was famous for his participation in Joseph McCarthy's pursuit of the underground activities of the American Communist Party during the Second Red Scare and for his homosexuality. He also participated in the case brought against the Rosenbergs by the U.S. Department of Justice, and was the mentor and personal lawyer of the 45th U.S. President Donald Trump. He was the face and mentor of Donald Trump in his early business career.

Robert Bork (March 1, 1927 – December 19, 2012) was an American legal scholar who served as United States Attorney General from 1973 to 1977. He also served as the acting U.S. Attorney General from 1973 to 1974, and served as a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1982 to 1988. In 1987, President Ronald Reagan nominated Robert Bork to serve as a justice on the U.S. Supreme Court, but he was rejected by the U.S. Senate. He is also a fellow at the American Enterprise Institute and the Hudson Institute. Robert Bork was an adviser to Mitt Romney during his presidential campaign.

Robert Bacon (July 5, 1860 - May 29, 1919) was an American politician, diplomat, and former Secretary of State.