Scholars

Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (Danish: Søren Aabye Kierkegaard) ; May 5, 1813 - November 11, 1855), a Danish theologian, philosopher, poet, social critic and religious writer, who is generally regarded as the founder of existentialism. He has written many critical essays on institutional religion, Christianity, morality, ethics, psychology, and philosophy of religion, often filled with metaphors, satire, and allegories. His philosophical work focuses on how humans become "single individuals," focusing on human reality rather than abstract thinking, and emphasizing the importance of personal choice and practice. He opposed the literary criticism of idealist intellectuals and philosophers at that time, and believed that those so-called "scholars" had not fully understood the thoughts of Swedenborg, Hegel, Fichte, Schelling, Schlegel, Andersen and others. Kierkegaard's theological works focus on Christian ethics, religious communities, the differences between objective evidences of Christianity, the infinite differences in nature between humans and gods, and the subjective relationship between the individual and the God-man Jesus Christ that stems from faith. Many of his works deal with Christian love. Kierkegaard was a strong critic of Christian theocracy (such as the Church of Denmark at that time). His psychological work explores the emotions and feelings of individuals when faced with choices. Kierkegaard's early works were often published under pseudonyms to present intersecting perspectives in complex dialogues. Different pseudonyms are used to express different views and explore complex issues from different angles. The work "Eighteen Teachings" was published under his real name. He dedicated this book to the "single individual" who hopes to discover the meaning of his work. He wrote: "Science teaches people to act objectively, while Christianity teaches people to act subjectively and become subjects." Scientists advocate that observation should be used to understand the world, but Kierkegaard believed that observation alone is not enough to reveal the structure of the spiritual world. Kierkegaard's main teachings include the concepts of "subjective truth and objective truth", the knight of faith, the dichotomy of recollection and repetition, the concept of fear, infinite differences in nature, faith as passion, and the three stages of the path of life. Kierkegaard's work was written in Danish, so his initial scope of influence was limited to Scandinavia. However, by the beginning of the 20th century, his works had been translated into French, German and other major European languages. By the middle of the 20th century, his thoughts had a profound influence on philosophy, theology and the entire Western world.

Victor Almon McKusick (English: Victor Almon McKusick, October 21, 1921 - July 22, 2008) was an American physician and medical geneticist who served as professor of medical genetics at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. He is the original author and editor-in-chief of Mendelian Inheritance in Man, a database of genetic diseases and genes, and its online version, Mendelian Inheritance in Man Online (OMIM).

Joseph Eugene Stiglitz was an American economist, public policy analyst, and professor at Columbia University. He is the winner of the 2001 Nobel Prize in Economics and the 1979 John Bates Clark Prize. He is the former Senior Vice President and Chief Economist of the World Bank and a former member and chairman of the U.S. President's Council of Economic Advisers. He has made significant contributions in the fields of information economics and other fields. He is one of the important members of the emerging Keynesian school of economics and is famous for his support of the Georgist public finance theory. He holds critical views on the phenomenon of globalization, scholars who advocate laissez-faire economic policies, and international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

John Brian Taylor (December 8, 1946-), an expert on U.S. monetary policy.

John H.D. Anderson (English: John H.D. Anderson, September 26, 1726 - January 13, 1796) was a Scottish natural philosopher.

John Langshaw Austin (English: John Langshaw Austin, often signed as J. L. Austin, March 26, 1911 - February 8, 1960) was a British philosopher who belonged to the analytic philosophy tradition and specialized in the philosophy of language. He began studying at Balliol College, Oxford University in 1929, and stayed at Oxford University to teach after graduating in 1935. During World War II, he served in military intelligence as a lieutenant colonel. In 1952 he was appointed Professor of Moral Philosophy at Oxford. Austin visited Harvard University and the University of California, Berkeley, in the mid-1950s, and taught the William James Lecture at Harvard University in 1955. It was at this time that he met Chomsky and became friends. He served as President of the Aristotelian Society from 1956 to 1957. Austin did not publish any works during his lifetime. His lectures and class notes were collected and published after his death, including "Philosophical Essays", "How to Do Things with Language" (1961), and "Sense and Subsensory Objects" (1962).

Sir John Richard Hicks (English: Sir John Richard Hicks, April 8, 1904 - May 20, 1989) was a British economist with outstanding achievements in microeconomics, macroeconomics, economic methodology, and economic history. In 1972 he shared the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences with Kenneth Arrow. He is regarded as one of the most important and influential economists of the 20th century. His most famous contribution in economics is the IS-LM model, which summarizes Keynesian understanding of macroeconomics. Another notable contribution is his theory of consumers in microeconomics. The Nobel committee said he received the award for his "pioneering contributions to the theory of economic equilibrium and welfare theory in general."

John Stuart Mill (English: John Stuart Mill; May 20, 1806 - May 7, 1873), also translated as John Stuart Mill, was a British utilitarian, liberal philosopher, political economist, and member of the British Parliament. His philosophical works are world-famous, and his research scope includes political philosophy, political economics, ethics, logic, etc. His book "On Liberty" is a masterpiece of classical liberalism, and the classical liberal school had a huge influence in the 19th century. Mill was one of the post-Benthamite utilitarians. In politics, Mill succeeded his father James Mill to work for the British East India Company. In his later years, he represented the Liberal Party and won the election of the British House of Commons and became a member of the House of Commons. He was the second member of Parliament, after Henry Hunt, to introduce a motion to grant women the right to vote.

John Dewey (English: John Dewey, October 20, 1859 - June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, educator, and psychologist. Together with Charles Sanders Peirce and William James, he is considered an important representative of American pragmatism philosophy. He is also regarded as one of the founders of modern education and one of the founders of functionalist psychology. During his academic career, Dewey taught for a long time at the University of Michigan, the University of Chicago, and Columbia University, and retired at Columbia University. Throughout his life, Dewey strongly advocated the democratic system and emphasized the complementarity of science and democracy. Democratic thought was the theme of many of his works. At the same time, he is also regarded as one of the greatest educational reformers of the twentieth century. While teaching at the University of Chicago, he founded the Experimental School Affiliated to the University of Chicago in 1896 as an experimental base for his educational theories, and his wife served as the principal of the school. Dewey's thought had a significant impact on China's educational and ideological circles in the early twentieth century, and he cultivated a number of Chinese masters and scholars including Hu Shi, Feng Youlan, Tao Xingzhi, Guo Bingwen, Zhang Boling, Jiang Menglin and others. He also visited China and held hundreds of lectures across the country in two years. He witnessed the May Fourth Movement and met with Sun Yat-sen, which promoted the spread of democratic and scientific ideas in China. Dewey was one of the most famous scholars in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century. In December 2006, the well-known American magazine "The Atlantic Monthly" ranked Dewey 40th among "The 100 Most Influential Figures in American History".

John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes (English: John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes, June 5, 1883 - April 21, 1946), commonly known as Keynes (or translated as Keynes), was a British economist. Keynes went against the economic thought of respecting market mechanisms and opposing human intervention since Adam Smith in the 18th century. He advocated that the government should actively play the role of economic helmsman and fight economic recession and even economic depression through fiscal and monetary policies. Keynes's ideas are not only theories in books, but also became effective countermeasures during the global economic depression in the 1920s and 1930s, and formed the policy thinking that led to the prosperity of many capitalist societies in the 1950s and 1960s. Therefore, Keynes has been praised as "the 'savior' (or savior) of capitalism" and "the father of postwar prosperity". Keynes's thought, which once dominated capitalism, also became one of the economic theories and schools, known as the "Keynesian School", and spawned several branches, and its influence continues to this day. In his career, Keynes held public office, served as a director of the Bank of England, and was an advisor to several charitable trusts. He also made investments himself and was a successful investor. Therefore, Keynes can be said to be a model economist with both theory and application. In life, Keynes was an elegant person. He sponsored art and collected art, and he was fond of fine wine, especially champagne. Keynes was very good at words and eloquent; his writing style was also excellent, as can be seen from the fact that Paul Kluman, a famous economist of later generations, was praised by Fortune magazine as "the best-written economist since Keynes." In 1999, Time magazine recalled Keynes as "tall, charming, and full of confidence."

John E. Roemer (English: John E. Roemer, born February 1, 1945), American economist, political scientist, currently professor of political economics at Yale University. In 1966, Romer graduated summa cum laude with a major in mathematics from Harvard University, and later entered the University of California, Berkeley for graduate education. During this period, due to his opposition to the Vietnam War, he transferred to a doctoral program in economics and was suspended from the university for participating in political activities. On November 28, 2018, in order to oppose mainland China’s suppression of students organizing pro-labor groups, more than 30 left-wing scholars including John Romer and Noam Chomsky jointly called for a boycott of the World Marxist Congress hosted by China. Romer issued a statement saying that relevant actions exposed China's political leadership as fake Marxists.

Ji Lianhai (January 15, 1965 -) is a history teacher at the Second Affiliated Middle School of Beijing Normal University. He graduated from Beijing Normal University. After 2005, he participated in the program recording of Baijia Forum and told the stories of historical figures such as He Shen and Ji Xiaolan on TV.

Miao Quansun (September 20, 1844 - December 22, 1919), also known as Xiaoshan and Xiaoshan, also known as Xiaoshan and Xiaoshan, was born in Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province. He was an educator and bibliographer in modern China. A historian, chronicler, and epigrapher, he is the founder of modern Chinese librarianship. He is the founder and first director of the current National Library of China and Nanjing Library, and a pioneer of modern Chinese education.

Robert Butler "Bob" Wilson, Jr. (born May 16, 1937) is an American economist and the Adam Distinguished Professor and Emeritus Professor of Operations Research at Stanford University. He focuses on operations research and business economics. The sequential quadratic programming he introduced in his doctoral thesis later evolved into the nonlinear programming iterative method. With the help of other mathematical economics experts at the Stanford Graduate School of Business, he used non-cooperative game theory to reformulate the theory of industrial organization in economics. His research on nonlinear pricing has deeply influenced the policies of large enterprises, especially the power industry in the energy industry. In 2020, he and Paul Milgrom won the Nobel Prize in Economics for "improving auction theory and inventing a new auction model."

Robert Jeffrey Sternberg (English: Robert Jeffrey Sternberg, December 8, 1949 -, also translated as Robert Jeffrey Sternberg) is an American psychologist and an authority in developmental psychology. The psychology textbooks he wrote personally and in collaboration with others are not only the textbooks required by many schools, but his other books on creativity and human development theory have also become must-read reference books for human resources development in the current business world. He is currently the dean of the School of Arts and Sciences at Tufts University. He was previously the IBM Chair Professor in the Department of Psychology and Education at Yale University in the United States.

Robert James Shiller (English: Robert James Shiller, March 29, 1946 -), nicknamed Bob Shiller (English: Bob Shiller), was born in Detroit, United States, American economist, scholar, and best-selling author. His expertise lies in behavioral finance and financial economics. He currently holds the Arthur Okun Professorship at Yale University and is a member of the International Center for Finance at the Yale School of Management. He has been an associate researcher at the National Institute of Economic Research since 1980. In 2005, he served as vice president of the American Economic Association. From 2006 to 2007, he served as President of the Eastern Economic Association. He is also the founder and chief economist of MacroMarkets Investment Management Ltd. Shiller is widely known in China for his participation in Yale University’s open course on financial markets. He is regarded as a member of the emerging Keynesian school and won the 1996 Paul A. Samuelson Award in Economics and the 2009 Deutsche Bank Prize. He is one of the top 100 most influential economists in the world. He was nominated for the 2012 Nobel Prize in Economics and won the 2013 Nobel Prize in Economics together with Eugene Fama and Lars-Peter Hansen for his contributions to the empirical analysis of asset prices.

Robert Nozick (English: Robert Nozick; November 16, 1938 - January 23, 2002) was an American philosopher and professor at Harvard University.

Luo Xianglin (October 19, 1906 - April 20, 1978), surnamed Yuan Yi, No. Yitang, was a native of Ningxin Town, Xingning County, Zhili Prefecture, Jiaying Province, Guangdong Province (now Ningxin Street, Xingning City, Meizhou), a modern Chinese historian and a Protestant. The founder of Hakka genealogy and a member of the Chinese Kuomintang. He graduated from the History Department of National Tsinghua University in 1930. He taught at the University of Hong Kong from 1951. In 1964, he served as the chairman of the Chinese Department of the University of Hong Kong. He retired as a permanent honorary professor of the University of Hong Kong. Luo Xianglin's most important work is "Introduction to Hakka Studies" (1933), which constructed the "Hakka ethnic lineage" for the first time. Luo Xianglin "in order to counter the theory that the Hakkas are not Han people" or that the "Hakkas are a mixed race of Han and other ethnic minorities" created a unique Hakka history by reinterpreting local chronicles and genealogies, that is, the Hakkas were originally Han people living in the Central Plains. After five migrations to the south since the Jin Dynasty, the Hakka ethnic group was formed. Luo Xianglin's theory has far-reaching influence because he explains the advanced nature of the Hakka ethnic group from a cultural perspective. Most people who use the concepts of "orthodoxy" and "Central Plains" to shape the Hakka group adopt this theory." This mainstream view was overturned by the genetics community in the 2000s, and was subsequently questioned by the dialect academic community. Li Hui, a professor at the School of Life Sciences at Fudan University, said, "In the process of evolution, it is very common for the Han people in various places to mix with foreign races, and the Hakka people are hardly an exception. Among the Y chromosomes of the Hakka people, 80% are Han and 13% are Miao Yao. She people of the language family." Professor Liu Zhenfa, who is also a Hakka, pointed out that Luo Xianglin's argument was not scientifically verified in the 1930s and led the Hakka dialect academic community to the 1980s, away from the achievements of the anthropological field on the Hakka people.

Umberto Eco (Italian: [umˈbɛrto ˈɛːko]; January 5, 1932 – February 19, 2016) was an Italian novelist, literary critic, philosopher, semiotician, and university professor. In addition to serious academic works, he has written a large number of novels and essays, and has been writing witty and satirical essays for magazine columns for many years. Best known for his 1980 novel "Il nome della rosa" (The Name of the Rose), he later wrote other novels, including "Foucault's Pendulum" and "The Island of Yesterday". His novel "Prague Cemetery" was published in 2010 and topped the Italian bestseller list. Eco previously taught at the University of Bologna and lived in Milan.

Li Dan (dān) (571 BC - unknown), the Li family name, one said the surname was Lao, the other said the surname was Li, the given name was Er or Zhen, and the courtesy name was Dan. One is called Lao Dan, the other is Boyang. The world respects him as "Lao Tzu". It is said that Lao Dan was born in Qurenli, Li Township, Ku County, Chu State, in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (originally belonging to the Chen State, located in Luyi County, present-day Henan Province). He studied under Shang Rong, and during the Spring and Autumn Period, he served as a historian in the Shouzang Room owned by the Eastern Zhou Kingdom. Lao Dan is considered a thinker of the Spring and Autumn Period in China. The book "Laozi" written in his name is widely known as the "Tao Te Ching" and is a Taoist classic. The teachings left by Lao Dan were later developed by Zhuang Zhou, Yang Zhu, Lie Yukou and others, and later generations regarded him as the founding master of Taoism. "Historical Records: Biography of Laozi and Han Fei" records that Confucius once asked Laozi about ritual issues. Lao Dan advocated the governance concepts of inaction, unity of nature and man, and tranquility and inaction. Like Zhuang Zhou, he was regarded as an important representative of Taoism and was collectively known as "Lao and Zhuang". Lao Tzu is revered as the founder of Taoism and Taoism, and one of the three great sages of the East. The Tang Empire claimed that Li Er was the ancestor of the Li family.

Hu Shi (December 17, 1891 - February 24, 1962), whose original name was Siji, and his scientific name was Hong Wei, was later renamed Shi, and his courtesy name was Shizhi. The pen names used include: Xiqiang, Zishengsheng, Tie'er, Dongxin, Zang Hui's master, Zang Hui, etc. Born in Chuansha Hall, Songjiang Prefecture, Jiangsu Province, and Shangzhuang Town, Jixi County, Huizhou Prefecture, Anhui Province. He once served as president of National Peking University, dean of Academia Sinica, ambassador of the Republic of China to the United States, and director of the Board of Trustees of Fu Jen Catholic University and Nankai University. Hu Shi was one of the founders and leaders of the New Culture Movement. He had broad interests and rich writings. He conducted in-depth research in many fields such as literature, philosophy, history, textual criticism, education, ethics, and red studies, and was the pioneer of the movement. Philosophically, he advocates John Dewey's pragmatist methodology, advocating "bold assumptions and careful empirical evidence" and "experiment is the only touchstone of truth". Politically, he advocates liberalism. He is a controversial historical figure with multiple identities worth exploring, and one of the people most criticized by political forces from all sides. Hu Shi was a famous Chinese scholar, philosopher, educator, and literati who made certain contributions to the "May Fourth" New Culture Movement. Philosophically, he was the first to introduce American pragmatism to China. Politically, he has always advocated reform and negated revolution.

Zang Di (1964-), born in Beijing, is a modern Chinese poet. Graduated from Peking University and received a doctorate in literature in 1997. From 1999 to 2000, he served as a visiting scholar at the University of California, Davis, and is currently a professor in the Chinese Department of Peking University. He once co-edited "Selected Poems of Peking University" and other works with Xidu. In 2022, he won the Poetry Award of the 8th Lu Xun Literature Award for "Poetic Botany".

Ai Xiaoming (November 1953-), whose ancestral home is Xinyang, Henan, is the daughter of warlord Tang Shengzhi. He once served as a professor and doctoral supervisor in the Chinese Department of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China, and a scholar on women and public issues. He is now retired. She once served as director of the Teaching and Research Office of Comparative Literature and World Literature at Sun Yat-sen University, deputy director of the Women and Gender Research Center, director of the key humanities education project "Gender Education Forum", and host of the "Women and Gender Translation Series" project. She also served as a director of the Chinese Modern Literature Research Association and the president of the Guangdong Chinese Modern Literature Research Association. In January 2010, he and Guo Jianmei jointly won the Simone de Beauvoir Award.

Emil Brunner (Heinrich Emil Brunner, also translated as Emil Brunner, 1889-1966) was a Swiss Protestant theologian and neo-orthodox theologian with far-reaching influence. Together with Karl Barth, he promoted the "Neo-Orthodox Theological Movement" (or "Dialectical Theology Movement") in German-speaking European countries in the first half of the 20th century, and was a representative figure of this theological proposition. Brunel objected to liberal theology's portrayal of Jesus as a moral figure worthy of respect. Brunel maintained that Jesus was not only the "incarnation" of God but also the center point of the "redemptive event." On the other hand, Brunel attempted to find an intermediate point between the ongoing debates between Arminianism and Calvinism. In addition to still emphasizing the sovereignty of God in the matter of salvation, Brunel also emphasized the view that humans can receive salvation without paying a price. Even though Brunel reasserted the centrality of Christology here, in line with the requirements of orthodox theology, conservative theologians often have reservations about his other theological claims. For example, he doubts the authenticity of the miracle records in the Bible and questions whether the texts in the Bible can be used as a source of revelation for modern Christians.