Scholars

Lu Cai (606-665), a philosopher in the early Tang Dynasty, was born in Qingping, Bozhou (now Qingping Town, Gaotang County, Liaocheng, Shandong).

Zhou Lie (May 1954-) is a Chinese linguist and educator.

Harold Dwight Lasswell (English: Harold Dwight Lasswell, February 13, 1902 - December 18, 1978) was a leading figure in American social sciences from the 1950s to the 1970s, and a major figure in various cultural and technological integration movements. Studied political science at Yale University and taught at the same school. He was a law professor at Yale University. He has served as president of the American Political Science Association, the American Institute of International Law, and the World Academy of Arts and Sciences. The American Council of Learned Societies praised Laswell as "Master of all social sciences and pioneer in each field." His academic mentor was Charles Edward Merriam.

Timothy Tong Wai-cheung, SBS, JP (English: Timothy Tong Wai-cheung, 1953-), is an international thermal conductivity expert, former president of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (January 1, 2009 - December 31, 2018), member of the 12th and 13th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and chairman of the Hong Kong Laurel Forum Committee. Awarded the Bronze Bauhinia Star in July 2019.

George Wolfgang Forell (English: George Wolfgang Forell, September 19, 1919 - April 29, 2011) was Professor Emeritus (Carver Distinguished Professor) of the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Iowa.

Sin Chow Yiu (English: Sin Chow Yiu, born December 9, 1947), also known as Wennong, also known as Mianzhai, is a Hong Kong scholar. He was born and raised in Hong Kong. His ancestral home is Dongguan City, Guangdong Province. Mr. Shan mainly studies philology; Biography: He graduated from Li Sheng Primary School Morning School in 1960 and received a five-year government scholarship. He then enrolled in 1960 and graduated from King's College. In 1968, he was admitted to the University of Hong Kong with a government scholarship and studied Chinese. From February 1, 1972 to 1975, he served as the Chinese Interpreter Officer II of the Royal Hong Kong Police. Since 1975, he has been teaching in the Chinese Department of the University of Hong Kong and a doctoral supervisor. He mainly teaches and researches Zuozhuan, philology and other courses. After retiring from the University of Hong Kong, he has been serving as the Vice-President (Academic) of Hong Kong Neng Yan College, Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Head of the Chinese Department, and concurrently serving as Honorary Professor of the School of Chinese at the University of Hong Kong. He is the author of "Manuscripts on Chinese Language", "Collection of Text Exegesis", "Collection of Zuozhuan Studies", "Collection of Mianzhai Primary School", etc.

Esther Duflo (French: Esther Duflo; French: [dyflo], October 25, 1972-) is a French-American economist, co-founder of the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Laboratory (J-PAL), one of the 2019 Nobel Prize winners in economics, and now serves as a professor of development economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Duflo is a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, where he serves on the Board of Economic Analysis and is the development economics director of economic and policy research.

Aenesidemos (Ancient Greek: Αἰνησίδημος, Ainêsidemos, 1st century BC -?) was a Greek skeptical philosopher in the 1st century BC who was born in Knossos, Crete. He is one of the representatives of Pyrrhonism. His main work is "Pyrrhoneia" (Πυρρώνειοι λóγοι). The core ideas of the book are four points, which are to discuss the reasons for skepticism, to demonstrate the causal relationship and truth, to describe a physical theory and an ethical theory. The first point is particularly important, for which he proposed the "Ten-Point Theory of Suspension of Judgment", in which he gave the top ten reasons for doubt.

Edmund Strother Phelps, Jr. (English: Edmund Strother Phelps, Jr., July 26, 1933 - May 15, 2026) was an American economist and former professor of political economics at Columbia University. His research demonstrates how low inflation leads to expectations of low future inflation. Professor Edmund Phelps’ research focuses on various fields of macroeconomics. He is known as the founder of modern macroeconomics and one of the most important figures influencing the process of economics. His most important contribution lies in the theory of economic growth. He pointed out that inflation is not only related to the unemployment rate, but also to the price expectations of enterprises and employees. He introduced microeconomic analysis based on rational expectations into employment determination theory and wage-price dynamic equilibrium, and proposed the Golden Rule savings rate (Golden Rule savings rate; Goldene Regel der Akkumulation) of economic growth. In 2006, Edmund Phelps won the Nobel Prize in Economics for his "research achievements in the field of macroeconomic intertemporal decision-making trade-offs." The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences believes that Phelps's research "deepens our understanding of the relationship between the short-term and long-term effects of economic policy." He made people more aware that full employment, stable prices and rapid growth are important goals of any economic theory and policy. And said, "He emphasized that, fundamentally, the balance between savings and capital formation and inflation and unemployment over time is a matter of welfare distribution. Phelps' analysis has had a profound impact on both economic theory and macroeconomic policy."

Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (German: Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl, April 8, 1859 - April 26, 1938) was a German philosopher and the founder of the phenomenological school. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century, and his thoughts have profoundly influenced major schools of European philosophy such as existentialism, hermeneutics, and deconstruction.

David Émile Durkheim (ɡān) (French: David Émile Durkheim; April 15, 1858 - November 15, 1917), also translated as Durkheim, Durkheim, etc., was a French-Jewish sociologist and anthropologist. Together with Karl Marx and Max Weber, he was listed as the three founders of modern social science. He was the founder of the "Annals of Sociology" and the first professor of sociology in France. Durkheim's main thoughts are concentrated in four masterpieces: "The Division of Labor in Society" (1893), "The Criterion of Sociological Method" (1895), "On Suicide" (1897), and "The Basic Forms of Religious Life" (1912). These are now considered foundational works in the discipline of sociology. As a pioneer of modern sociology, Durkheim published a large number of papers and monographs on education, religion, suicide, law and crime throughout his life, laying a solid foundation for the academic and scientific development of sociology and making a huge contribution to establishing sociology as an independent discipline.

Eric John Ernest Hobsbawm, CH, FBA (Eric John Ernest Hobsbawm, /ˈhɒbz.bɔːm/; June 9, 1917 – October 1, 2012), British historian and writer.

Tatyana Ivanovna Zaslavskaya (Russian: Татьяна Ивановна Заславская; Romanized: Tatyana Ivanovna Zaslavskaya; September 9, 1927 – August 23, 2013) was a Soviet sociologist and economist. During the Gorbachev period, he was a reform and reorganization policy theorist and the main author of the "Novosibirsk Report". After the collapse of the Soviet Union, he served as editor of the magazine "Social Science and Now" and a member of the Moscow Newspaper Committee.

Samuel Phillips Huntington (English: Samuel Phillips Huntington; April 18, 1927 – December 24, 2008) was an American political scientist, consultant, and scholar who spent more than half a century at Harvard University, where he served as director of the Center for International Affairs and as a university professor with Albert J. Weatherhead III. During Jimmy Carter's tenure as President of the United States, Huntington served as the security planning coordinator of the White House National Security Council. During the apartheid era in South Africa in the 1980s, he also served as the national security adviser to then South African President Peter William Botha. Together with Maurice Janowitz, he became a pioneer researcher of U.S. government-military relations in the late 20th century. Huntington is best known for his 1993 book "The Clash of Civilizations", which was used to explain the post-Cold War world structure. Huntington believed that wars in the 21st century would not occur between countries, but between civilizations. In this book, he believes that Islamic extremism will become the biggest threat to the Western world. In order to curb Islamic terrorist organizations, Huntington continues to help the United States rebuild harmonious military-civilian relations. This approach is widely praised in the United States for increasing the government's prestige. According to Open Syllabus, Huntington's articles are the second most cited author in American political science courses. His political stance is closer to the Democratic Party, but ideologically he is a very right-wing member of the conservatives. His remarks on immigration issues have recently attracted widespread attention in American society. Based on the classical democratization theory, the assumption that the industrial revolution caused democratization was used to formulate various policies to promote democratization in China, one of the communist countries. By the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, it had been proven to have its limitations.

Charles Fourier (French: Charles Fourier; April 7, 1772 - October 10, 1837) was a famous French philosopher, economist, and utopian socialist. He invented the term "feminism" in 1837. Fourier was born into a wealthy merchant family in the city of Besançon. After graduating from high school, he worked as a store clerk, salesman, scribe and exchange broker. He criticized some ugly phenomena in the capitalist society at that time and hoped to establish a socialist society with Francestel as the grassroots organization, where personal interests and collective interests were consistent. He believed that the differences between mental work and manual work, and rural and urban work could be completely eliminated, and for the first time he proposed that the degree of women's liberation was a measure of whether the people were completely liberated. His political thought became known as Fourierism. He observed and studied the capitalist system, wrote many papers, and established his utopian socialist ideological system. Taking the level of economic development as a symbol, it believes that human society is a development process from a low stage to a high stage, and divides social history into five stages of development. It believes that the capitalist system must be replaced by a more advanced "harmonious system". He criticized the irrational phenomena of capitalist society and asserted that the decentralization of capitalist production will inevitably lead to competition and anarchy, thus making economic crises inevitable; he believed that capitalist society is a society in which individual interests and collective interests are sharply opposed, and personal happiness is based on the misfortune and pain of others. The wage labor system is a "resurrected slavery system." It is envisaged to establish a "harmonious society" with "Faranghi" as the basic unit to replace the capitalist society. In "Faranghi", agriculture is the mainstay and industry is the secondary. Everyone participates in labor and earns income based on labor, capital and talent. Education is combined with productive labor, social education is implemented for children, and men and women enjoy equal rights. "Faranghi" is only a reflection of early immature proletarian thought. He also fantasizes about imposing it on society through peaceful propaganda and demonstration, thus it is a kind of utopian socialism. However, the rational elements in its theory are one of the theoretical sources for Marx and Engels to create scientific socialism. His major works include "Worldwide Harmony", "Theory of Four Movements", "Theory of Worldwide Unity", "New World", etc.

Xia Zhiqing (February 18, 1921 - December 29, 2013), a native of Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province, was born in Pudong, Shanghai, a Chinese literary critic and professor. He graduated from the English Department of Hujiang University in 1942. In September 1946, he followed his eldest brother Xia Jian to Peking University as a teaching assistant. He was obsessed with Western European classical literature. He stood out because of his research on William Blake's thesis, and received a scholarship to study in the United States to study for a master's degree and a doctoral degree in English at Yale University. When he was teaching at the State College of New York, he received sponsorship from the Rockefeller Foundation (also known as the Rockefeller Foundation) and completed the book "History of Modern Chinese Novel", establishing his status as a scholar. In 1961, he went to teach at Columbia University in New York, and later took over the Wang Jizhen chair. In July 2006, he was elected as an academician of the Academia Sinica of the Republic of China.

Xia Zengyou (1863-1924), courtesy name Suiqing, pseudonym Broken Buddha, pseudonym Bieshi, was born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang. A beginner in the late Qing Dynasty. Xia Luanxiang's son.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman (July 3, 1860 - August 17, 1935), American writer and feminist pioneer. The short story "The Yellow Wallpaper" was published in 1892, "Women and Economics" was published in 1898, and the magazine "The Forerunner" founded in 1909 was published until 1916. Committed suicide in 1935.

David Hume (English: David Hume, /hjuːm/; May 7, 1711 - August 25, 1776), a native of Edinburgh, Scotland, was a British philosopher, ethicist, economist, historian and essayist. He was a representative figure of the Scottish Enlightenment and late empiricist philosophy, and his representative is "A Treatise of Human Nature". Although modern studies of Hume's work focus on his philosophical thought, he first became famous as a historian. His book "History of Great Britain" became the foundation work of English historical circles for 60 to 70 years. Traditional historians often classify Hume's philosophy as skepticism. Since the 20th century, some scholars have begun to emphasize Hume's commitment to constructing secular "the science of man" and argue that ethical naturalism is also one of Hume's central ideas. On the whole, Hume used skepticism to undermine the basis of Christian arguments, pointing out that humans can only recognize things experienced, so philosophers should focus their attention on secular life. Hume's philosophy absorbed the theories of English intellectuals such as Isaac Newton and Francis Hutcheson. He refused to accept the existence of innate ideas and believed that all human knowledge comes entirely from experience. This made him an empiricist along with Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and George Berkeley.

Kwemai Anthony Appiah is a British-American philosopher and writer who was born in London, England. His father was a lawyer, diplomat and politician from the Ashanti region of Ghana. Appiah is a professor of philosophy and law at New York University. He was a professor of philosophy at Princeton University. In January 2022, Appiah was elected president of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

Auguste Comte (French: Auguste Comte; January 19, 1798 - September 5, 1857) was a French philosopher who created the field of contemporary sociology and established its important foundation, and was the first to fully elaborate on the content of modern positivism.

Otto Weininger (April 3, 1880 - October 4, 1903) was an Austrian philosopher born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He committed suicide at the age of 23. His book Geschlecht und Charakter (Sex and Character) was highly regarded.

Jiang Rong (April 1946-), whose real name is Lu Jiamin, was born in the northern Jiangsu base area under the jurisdiction of the Communist Party of China. His ancestral home is Shanghai and he is Manchu. Lu Jiamin was the editor-in-chief of the magazine "Beijing Spring". He was also an associate professor at the China University of Labor Movement and a graduate student at the Institute of Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. He is now retired. In 2004, he wrote his first book "Wolf Totem" under the pen name Jiang Rong. His current spouse is the famous female writer Zhang Kangkang, and he had been married twice before. Lu Jiamin himself is very low-key. Apart from private interviews with the media, he has never appeared in public.

William James "Will" Durant (/dəˈrænt/, November 5, 1885 - November 7, 1981) was an American writer, historian, and philosopher. Will Durant received higher education at St. Peter's College and Columbia University in the United States. He later entered Columbia University to study biology and studied philosophy under the guidance of the famous American philosopher John Dewey. He received a doctorate from Columbia University in 1917. He is best known for his 11-volume The Story of Civilization, written with his wife Ariel Durant from 1935 to 1975. His early well-known work was "The Story of Philosophy" published in 1926, which was described as "a seminal work that helped to promote philosophy." "Falling Leaves" was his last book before his death. This book was still being written until the day before his death. Will Durant was 96 years old at the time. Durant won the 1968 Pulitzer Prize for Nonfiction and the 1977 Presidential Medal of Freedom.