Rosa Luxemburg

Rosa Luxemburg (German: Rosa Luxemburg; Polish: Róża Luksemburg; March 5, 1871 - January 15, 1919) was a Polish and German socialist thinker, politician and revolutionary, and one of the founders of the German Communist Party. On March 5, 1871, Luxemburg was born into a Jewish family in Zamosc, Poland, under the rule of Tsarist Russia. She was originally a theoretician of the Kingdom of Poland and the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania. In 1898, he moved to Berlin, Germany, and joined the German Social Democratic Party. He was an important socialist theorist in the party. In 1914, German Emperor Wilhelm II launched a nationwide mobilization and declared war on Russia; on August 4 of the same year, the German Social Democratic Party voted in the Imperial Parliament to support war funding. A series of chain reactions marked the official start of World War I and the split of the Second International. All efforts by the Western European left, including Luxembourg, to avoid war over the past decade have been in vain. In order to seek a turning point, Rosa Luxemburg publicly called on the masses to refuse military service before the war began. However, she was deemed treason by the court and sentenced to one year in prison. After the German Social Democratic Party announced its support for Germany's participation in World War I, in 1915, she cooperated with Karl Liebknecht and other left-wing figures in the party to establish the Marxist revolutionary group "Spartacist League" to oppose the right-leaning forces in the party represented by Friedrich Ebert. He was imprisoned multiple times from 1915 to 1918 for publicizing his anti-war opinions. In November 1918, during the German November Revolution, she founded the Red Flag as the organ of the Spartacist League. The organization later united with the German International Communists to establish the Communist Party of Germany on December 30, 1918. "Red Flag" subsequently became the organ of the Communist Party. Rosa Luxemburg drafted the platform of the German Communist Party. She believed that the Spartacist Uprising in Berlin in January 1919 was launched under immature conditions in all aspects and was therefore a mistake. However, she still supported and personally participated in the uprising after it began. When the uprising was suppressed by the Freikorps (the Weimar regime's right-wing death squads made up of World War I veterans), Luxemburg, Liebknecht and hundreds of other supporters were arrested, tortured and killed. Because Rosa Luxemburg believed that the proletariat could not completely transform society without taking state power, she criticized Leninists and more moderate socialists (social democratic