Scientists

Aristotle, ancient Greek philosopher, student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He and his school divided many Western disciplines in later generations, including physics, metaphysics, poetry (including drama), music, biology, economics, zoology, logic, politics, government, and ethics. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato’s teacher), he is known as the founder of Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first extensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing ethics, aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics.

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (Italian: Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta, February 18, 1745 - March 5, 1827) was an Italian physicist who was famous for his invention of the battery in the 19th century and was later made a count.

Henrietta Swan Leavitt (English: Henrietta Swan Leavitt, July 4, 1868 – December 12, 1921) was an American astronomer and a graduate of Radcliffe College. Since 1893, she worked as a calculator at the Harvard University Observatory, responsible for monitoring photosensitive films and calculating and recording the brightness of various stars. LeWitt's most famous achievement is the discovery of the period-to-perimeter relationship of Cepheids. This discovery was not recognized during her lifetime, but it enabled subsequent astronomers to calculate the distances between Earth and distant galaxies. After LeWitt's death, astronomer Hubble used the periodic light relationship of Cepheid variables, together with the spectral changes first measured by astronomer Vesto Sriver at the Lowell Observatory, to discover that the Milky Way is not the only galaxy in the universe, and that the universe has always been expanding. This is the famous Hubble's law.

Antoine Henri Becquerel (French: Antoine Henri Becquerel, December 15, 1852 - August 25, 1908), first translated Becquerel, was a French physicist. Together with the Curies, he won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the phenomenon of natural radioactivity. The becquerel (Bq), the SI unit of radioactivity, is named after him. Inspired by Röntgen's discovery of X-rays, Bekele studied the phosphorescence of uranium and potassium bisulfates. He exposed the two materials to sunlight and then wrapped the exposed materials and photosensitive film together in black paper. After a period of time, the film is developed and the image of uranium crystals appears on the film. Beckler speculated: "The phosphorescent rays emitted by the material can pass through the opaque paper." At first he thought the crystal was absorbing the sun's energy and then emitting X-rays. On February 26 and February 27, 1896, Bekele planned to expose the wrapped uranium and photosensitive films to the sun, but Paris was cloudy and the sunlight was intermittent, which did not achieve the ideal experimental results, so he returned the materials to the drawer and stored them in the dark. It was cloudy for the next few days, and the sunlight stimulation experiment could not be carried out. When he developed the film on March 1, he expected that the intensity of phosphorescence would be very weak because the sunlight did not excite it for long, and he could only see a blurry image. Unexpectedly, he saw a very clear image, which surprised him. Further experiments showed that uranium can emit radiation without the need for an external energy source such as sunlight, so he discovered radioactivity, the spontaneous emission of radiation from the material. In 1900, Becqueler, who was measuring the properties of beta particles later in his life, realized that they had the same measurements as high-speed electrons leaving the nucleus of an atom. In 1901 Bekele discovered that radiation could be used in medicine. He discovered this phenomenon when he placed a piece of radium in his vest pocket and realized that he had been burned by it. This discovery led to the development of radiotherapy, which is now used to treat cancer. Bekele did not live long after discovering radioactivity. He died in Le Croisic, France on August 25, 1908, at the age of 55. The cause of his death is unknown, but reports say "his skin was severely burned, possibly from handling radioactive material."

Hendrik Anton Lorentz (Dutch: Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, July 18, 1853 - February 4, 1928), also translated as Lorentz, was a Dutch physicist. He won the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics together with Peter Zeeman, and was elected as an academician of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1881. He also served as a foreign academician of many national academies of sciences. Lorenz is world-famous for his research work in the fields of electromagnetism and optics. He obtained the classical electron theory through concepts such as continuous electromagnetic fields and discrete electrons in matter. This theory can be used in many problems: such as the force of electromagnetic fields on moving charged particles (Lorentz force), the relationship between the refractive index of a medium and its density (Lorentz-Lorentz equation), the theory of light dispersion, the explanation of some magnetic phenomena (such as the Zeeman effect), and some properties of metals. On the basis of electron theory, he also developed electrodynamics in moving media, including proposing the hypothesis that an object will undergo length contraction in its direction of motion (Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction), introducing the concept of "local time", obtaining the relationship between mass and velocity, and constructing a system of equations expressing the coordinate and time relationships between different inertial systems (Lorentz transformation). Lorenz's research work later became the basis of special relativity and quantum physics. In addition, Lorenz also made achievements in thermodynamics, molecular kinetic theory, general relativity and thermal radiation theory.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (Russian: Иван Петрович Павлов, Romanized: Ivan Petrovich Pavlov; September 26, 1849 – February 27, 1936) was a Russian physiologist, psychologist, and physician. When Pavlov was in college, he was guided and inspired by the "Father of Russian Physiology" Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. Pavlov gave up his theological research and entered the world of science. In 1904, he won the Nobel Prize for his research on the digestive system.

Elizabeth Helen Blackburn, FRS (English: Elizabeth Helen Blackburn, November 26, 1948 -), is a molecular biologist. She was born in Australia and now lives in the United States. She has Australian and American citizenship. She is currently a professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of California, San Francisco. She is a pioneer in the field of telomere and telomerase research and was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine together with Greder and Szostak for her contributions in this field.

Elizabeth Roemer (English: Elizabeth Roemer, September 4, 1929 – April 8, 2016) was an American astronomer who studied comets and asteroids. She is famous for the discovery of the Lost Comet, two asteroids, and the co-discovery of Jupiter's moon Europa. The asteroid 1657 is named after her.

Immanuel Kant (German: Immanuel Kant; April 22, 1724 - February 12, 1804) was a German philosopher during the Enlightenment Era and the founder of German classical philosophy. His teachings deeply influenced modern Western philosophy and initiated many schools such as German idealism and Kantian deontology. And influenced later generations, giving birth to Neo-Kantianism. Kant was the last major philosopher of the Enlightenment and a representative figure in German thought. He reconciled the rationalism of René Descartes with the empiricism of Francis Bacon and is considered one of the most influential thinkers in the West after Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Kant has his own ideological system, of which the three core works are collectively called the "Three Critiques", namely the "Critique of Pure Reason", the "Critique of Practical Reason" and the "Critique of Judgment". These three works systematically elaborate on his knowledge, ethics and aesthetics thoughts respectively. The Critique of Pure Reason has received particular attention from the academic community, marking the shift in the main direction of philosophical research from ontology to epistemology. It is an epoch-making masterpiece in the history of Western philosophy. In addition, Kant also has important works in the fields of religious philosophy, legal philosophy and historical philosophy. A basic starting point of Kant's philosophical theory is that the ability to transform perceptual intuition (experience) into knowledge - pure intellectual concepts (i.e. "categories"), and the ability to practice ideas outside knowledge (such as God, the immortal soul, free will) - pure rational concepts are all functions of reason and are innate to humans. Without them we would not be able to understand the world. His epistemology and ethics were to demonstrate knowledge and morality respectively. He criticized and absorbed British empiricism (Hume, Berkeley) and European rationalism (mainly the rational tradition of Wolf-Leibniz), and had a profound influence on German idealism (Fichte and Hegel) and romanticism. Epistemology ("Critique of Pure Reason") and ethics ("Critique of Practical Reason") constitute the two major parts of Kant's philosophy. The former is about the "phenomenal world"; the latter is about "freedom of will" and is opposite and dichotomous. The intermediary between the two becomes the final thought of Kant's "Critical Philosophy", and the communication and unity of nature and freedom lie in the "Critique of Judgment". In addition, he also proposed the first modern theoretical explanation for the formation of the solar system, the Kant-Laplace hypothesis.

Isabella Karle (December 2, 1921 – October 3, 2017) was an American chemist who extracted plutonium trichloride from a mixture of plutonium oxide. Isabella Kahle has received the Gavin Olin Award, the Eminoff Award, the Bauer Award, the National Medal of Science, and the Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award.

Hugh Politzer (English: Hugh Politzer, August 31, 1949 -), American theoretical physicist, born in New York, is currently the Richard Chase Tolman Chair Professor at the California Institute of Technology. In 2004, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of asymptotic freedom in quantum chromodynamics with David Gross and Frank Wilczek.

Galileo Galilei, Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer and philosopher, important figure in the Scientific Revolution. Galileo is known as the "father of modern observational astronomy", "the father of modern physics", the father of scientific method and the "father of modern science".

He Guowei (March 1963-), born in Shanghai, native of Shashi, Hubei Province, is a Chinese fluid dynamicist. Graduated from Northwestern Polytechnical University in August 1983, majoring in applied mathematics and mechanics. His current workplace is the Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and he was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2017. His research areas are mainly turbulence and computational fluid dynamics.

Ho Dayi (November 3, 1952 -) is a Chinese American; a dual national of the Republic of China and the United States, a scientist. He was born and spent his childhood in Taichung, Taiwan. When he was 12 years old, he immigrated to Los Angeles, California, with his family. He is the inventor of AIDS cocktail therapy.

He Binglin (August 24, 1918 - July 4, 2007), male, was born in Panyu, Guangdong, and was a Chinese polymer chemist. Professor at Nankai University, he once served as the dean of the Department of Chemistry and the Director of the Institute of Polymer Research, and the founder of the National Key Discipline of Polymer Chemistry and Physics at Nankai University and the Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education. He also served as the president of Qingdao University. Mainly engaged in polymer chemistry research and teaching. Served as a deputy to the Third National People's Congress.

Hou Debang (August 9, 1890 - August 26, 1974), also known as Hou Qirong, courtesy name Zhiben, male, was born in Houguan, Fuzhou, a Chinese chemist, chemical industry expert, academician of Academia Sinica, and academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Graduated from Fuzhou Yinghua Academy, Beijing Preparatory School for Studying in the United States, MIT and Columbia University. The inventor of "Hou's Combined Alkali Production Method" and the author of the book "Alkali Production". He participated in the preparation of Yongli Alkali Industry, and together with Fan Xudong, the founder of Yongli Alkali Industry, was a pioneer in China's modern chemical industry.

Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (English: Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, August 8, 1902 - October 20, 1984) was a British theoretical physicist and one of the founders of quantum mechanics. He once held the Lucasian Professorship of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge and spent the last fourteen years of his life at Florida State University. Dirac made many groundbreaking contributions to physics. He integrated Werner Heisenberg's matrix mechanics and Erwin Schrödinger's wave mechanics to develop the basic mathematical structure of quantum mechanics. The Dirac equation he gave could describe the physical behavior of fermions, explain the particle's spin, and first predict the existence of antiparticles. He also played a pioneering role in path integral and second quantization, laying an important foundation for the subsequent development of quantum electrodynamics. In addition, he introduced the concept of topology into physics and proposed the theory of magnetic monopoles. In 1933, Dirac and Schrödinger jointly won the Nobel Prize in Physics for "the discovery of new forms that are very useful in atomic theory" (i.e., the basic equations of quantum mechanics - the Schrödinger equation and the Dirac equation). They were the youngest theoretical physicists in history to win the prize at the time.

Paul Mockapetris (English: Paul Mockapetris, November 18, 1948 -), the inventor of the Domain Name System (DNS), proposed the architecture of DNS in 1983 Internet Standards No. 882 and 883 proposed by the Institute of Information Sciences at the University of Southern California. He discovered the shortcomings of domain name-IP address translation based on a single level of a single host in the early Internet, including the ARPANET, and proposed improving it into a distributed and dynamic database domain name system, which is the prototype of the domain name system we use today.

Fu Jiamo (July 14, 1933 - June 11, 2015), born in Shanghai, native of Yuanjiang, Hunan, is a Chinese organic geochemist and environmental geochemist.

Fu Chengyi (October 7, 1909 - January 8, 2000), male, native of Minhou, Fuzhou, born in Beijing, is a Chinese geophysicist. He once served as the honorary director and researcher of the Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the director of the Department of Earth and Space Sciences of the University of Science and Technology of China. Engaged in solid geophysics, seismology and geophysical exploration research.

Fu Ying (January 19, 1902 - September 7, 1979), male, native of Min County, Fujian (now Fuzhou City), was born in Beijing. He was a Chinese physical chemist, educator and the founder of Chinese colloidal chemistry. He was one of the first academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Jules Henri Poincaré (French: Jules Henri Poincaré, April 29, 1854 - July 17, 1912), a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, philosopher of science and engineer, is known as the "Gauss of modern mathematics" and "the last all-rounder in mathematics". He made many creative and fundamental contributions to mathematics, mathematical physics and celestial mechanics. The Poincaré conjecture he proposed is one of the most famous problems in mathematics. Over time, this conjecture became one of the famous Millennium Problems in mathematics until it was solved by Perelman from 2002 to 2003. In his research on the three-body problem, Poincaré became the first person to discover a deterministic system of chaos and laid the foundation for modern chaos theory. Poincaré preceded Einstein's work and drafted a simplified version of the special theory of relativity. The Poincaré group is named after him, and he is also recognized as one of the founders of algebraic topology.

Claude Elwood Shannon (English: Claude Elwood Shannon, April 30, 1916 - February 24, 2001), American mathematician, electrical engineer and cryptographer. Shannon holds a bachelor's degree from the University of Michigan and a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1948, he published an epoch-making paper, "The Mathematical Theory of Communication," which laid the foundation for modern information theory. Not only that, Shannon is also considered the founder of digital computer theory and digital circuit design theory. In 1937, 21-year-old Shannon was a master's student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He proposed in his master's thesis that applying Boolean algebra to the electronic field could construct and solve any logical and numerical relationship. It was hailed as one of the most advanced master's thesis in history. During World War II, Shannon made significant contributions to the military field of cryptanalysis—code breaking and secure communications.

Clarice E. Phelps is an American scientist who works at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. She participated in the cross-team project that discovered chemical element 117, Ts. Clarisse is the Program Manager for Isotope Industrial Applications at Oak Ridge Laboratory. She also studies the processing of radioactive "superheavy elements" such as plutonium-238.