Scientists

Archimedes, Greek mathematician, physicist, inventor, engineer, and astronomer. Born in Syracuse, Sicily, he is said to have invented the Archimedean screw pump while studying in Alexandria, which is still in use in Egypt today. During the Second Punic War, the Roman Republic besieged Syracuse, and Archimedes died at the hands of Roman soldiers.

Albert Abraham Michelson (English: Albert Abraham Michelson, December 29, 1852 - May 9, 1931), also translated as "Michelson" or "Michelson", was a Polish-American physicist famous for measuring the speed of light, especially the Michelson-Morley experiment. Michelson was the winner of the 1907 Nobel Prize in Physics and the founder and first chairman of the Department of Physics at the University of Chicago.

Arthur Schawlow (English: Arthur Schawlow, May 5, 1921 - April 28, 1999), born in Mount Vernon, New York, was an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1981.

Lu Jianhua (July 1963-), male, native of Nantong, Jiangsu, is an expert in Chinese communications and information systems, a professor at Tsinghua University, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is currently the deputy director of the 9th National Natural Science Foundation of China.

Chen Xinqi (1931-March 30, 2021), male, born in Fuzhou, Fujian, is a Chinese plant taxonomy and systematist. He was a researcher and doctoral supervisor at the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Chen Xu (September 17, 1936 -), male, native of Huzhou, Zhejiang, born in Nanjing, Jiangsu, is a Chinese paleontologist and stratigrapher, researcher at the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, chairman of the International Ordovician Branch, and academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Chen Chunxian (August 6, 1934 - August 9, 2004) was a Chinese physicist and member of the Communist Party of China. He was known as the first person in Zhongguancun. He participated in the construction of China's first tokamak and served as the director of the Plasma Research Laboratory of the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He was the youngest full professor and the first doctoral supervisor at the Institute of Physics. He graduated from the Department of Physics of Moscow State University.

Chen Shengshen (Mandarin Roman subtitles: Shiing-shen Chern, October 28, 1911 - December 3, 2004), born in Xiushui, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, was a Chinese-American mathematician and differential geometer who had a significant influence on mathematics and physics in the 20th century. Academician of the German National Academy of Sciences, academician of Academia Sinica, foreign academician of the British Academy, Italian National Academy of Sciences, French Royal Society, and Chinese Academy of Sciences. Chen Shengshen was one of the world's most important differential geometers and one of the most influential mathematicians in the 20th century. He had long served as a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Chicago. Chern presided over the establishment of the National Institute of Mathematical Sciences in Berkeley in 1982 and served as the first director of the institute. The institute has become one of the most important mathematical research centers in the world. In 1985, Chen Shengshen founded the Nankai University Chen Shengshen Institute of Mathematics at Nankai University. In memory of Chern, the International Mathematical Union established the "Chern Award" in 2010 to commend individuals who have made the most significant contributions to the field of mathematics. It is one of the highest honors in the international mathematics community. Chen Shengshen's theorems and theories (Chern-Gauss-Bonnet theorem, Chen-Simons theory, Chen Lei) have very important applications in geometry, topology, physics, relativity, quantum field theory, etc. Physicist Yang Zhenning ranked Chen Xingshen with Euclid, Gauss, Riemann, and Cartan. He spoke English, German, French, and Chinese and helped build a bridge between the West and the Chinese.

Chen Da (March 22, 1937 - July 22, 2016) was born in Tongzhou, Jiangsu. Expert in Chinese nuclear science and technology. Graduated from the Department of Engineering Physics of Tsinghua University in 1963. In November 2001, he was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He once served as a member of the Advisory Committee of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a member of the Standing Committee and Deputy Chairman of the Department of Technology and Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a chairman of the Advisory Committee of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Jiangsu, an advisory member of the Medical Physics Professional Committee of the Chinese Physical Society, and the chairman of the Jiangsu Provincial Medical Physics Professional Committee. In 2001, he was employed as a professor and doctoral supervisor at Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He has won 2 second-class National Invention Awards, 1 third-class Award, 2 second-class National Science and Technology Progress Awards, 6 first- and second-class ministerial-level Science and Technology Progress Awards, and 1 first-class Guanghua Science and Technology Fund Award. Passed away in Nanjing at 8:09 on July 22, 2016.

Chen Yuao (born April 1981) is a Chinese physicist.

Tao Shiyan (August 12, 1918 - December 17, 2012), male, native of Jiaxing, Zhejiang, was a Chinese meteorologist and a researcher at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He once served as the chairman of the Chinese Meteorological Society.

Bowing (November 22, 1929 -), male, originally from Jixi, Anhui, was born in Shanghai. Chinese neuroscientist, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (elected in 1991). He is currently a professor at the Fourth Military Medical University and former director of the Neuroscience Institute of the Chinese People's Liberation Army.

Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (March 23, 1912 - June 16, 1977) was a German-American rocket expert and one of the pioneers of the aerospace industry in the twentieth century. He was the chief designer of Germany's famous V2 rocket. After World War II, the United States brought him and his design team to the United States. After moving to the United States, Braun served as the chief designer of NASA's space research and development projects, and presided over the design of the Apollo 4 launch vehicle Saturn V. NASA used the following words to describe Braun: "There is no doubt that he is the greatest rocket scientist in history. His greatest achievement was when he was the commander-in-chief of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, he presided over the development of the Saturn V and successfully achieved the first human landing on the moon in July 1969."

Wesley Clair Mitchell (English: Wesley Clair Mitchell, August 5, 1874 – October 29, 1948) was an American economist who studied business cycles. He has taught at the University of Chicago, the University of California, Berkeley, Harvard University, and Columbia University. In 1916, he was elected a member of the American Statistical Association. In 1931, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and to the American Philosophical Society.

Han Jiahuai (1960-), a native of Huainan, is a Chinese biologist.

Han Zhenxiang (May 24, 1930 - May 4, 2024), male, was born in Xiaoshan, Zhejiang Province. He was a Chinese electrical engineer, power system expert, and educator. Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and former president of Zhejiang University. He is mainly engaged in research on power system networks.

Yan Ning (November 21, 1977 -), female, native of Zhangqiu, Shandong, Chinese structural biologist, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, member of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Distinguished Professor of the "Changjiang Scholars Award Program". Founding President of Shenzhen Academy of Medical Sciences and Director of Shenzhen Bay Laboratory.

Rao Qinzhi (February 22, 1900 - March 28, 1998), courtesy name Kaoxiang, male, a native of Chongqing, Sichuan, was a Chinese phycologist. He served as vice chairman of the Hubei Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and a member of the Fifth National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

Feng Youchang (English: Inez Fung, born April 11, 1949), a Chinese-American meteorologist.

Martin Cooper (English: Martin Cooper,) is an American engineer. He is a pioneer in the wireless communications industry, particularly in radio spectrum management, holding 11 patents in this field. On April 3, 1973, he made the first public phone call using a handheld portable cell phone at Motorola. Cooper reinvented the first handheld mobile phone (as distinct from a car phone) in 1973 and led a team to re-develop it and bring it to market in 1983. He is considered the "father of the (handheld) mobile phone" and is believed to be the first person in history to make a public call on a handheld mobile phone. Cooper is a co-founder of numerous communications companies with his wife and business partner Arlene Harris. He is the co-founder and current Chairman of Dyna LLC, located in Del Mar, California. Cooper also serves on committees supporting the Federal Communications Commission and the U.S. Department of Commerce. In 2023, Cooper was elected president of the National Academy of Engineering for his leadership in the creation and deployment of handheld television.

Ma Yugang (March 1968 -), male, native of Ninghai, Zhejiang, born in Yuyao, Zhejiang, is a Chinese nuclear physics scientist and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is currently the president of East China Normal University. Ma Yugang’s brother is Ma Yuqiang, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (German: Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck; April 23, 1858 - October 4, 1947) was a German physicist and the founder of quantum mechanics. He won the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics (awarded in 1919) for the discovery of energy quanta. Planck's constant, which bears its name, was used to redefine the basic unit in 2019, and there are scientific prizes, institutions and societies named after it.

Max Born (German: Max Born, December 11, 1882 - January 5, 1970) was a German theoretical physicist and mathematician who made important contributions to the development of quantum mechanics and also made achievements in solid-state physics and optics. In addition, he trained a large number of well-known physicists in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1954, Born won the Nobel Prize in Physics for "fundamental research in the field of quantum mechanics, especially the statistical interpretation of the wave function." Born in Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland) in the German Empire in 1882, Born entered the University of Göttingen in 1904. There he completed his thesis on Thomson's atomic model. In 1918, he and Fritz Haber discussed the process by which metals and halogens form ionic compounds. This mechanism was later named the Born-Haber cycle. During World War I, Born was first appointed as a radio operator and then turned to research on acoustic positioning technology. In 1921, Born returned to Göttingen and for more than ten years led Göttingen to become one of the physics research centers at that time. In 1925, Born and Werner Heisenberg jointly proposed the matrix mechanics expression of quantum mechanics. The next year, he gave an interpretation of the probability density function that later became the academic standard for ψ*ψ in the Schrödinger equation. He received the Nobel Prize in 1954 for this achievement. During his time in Göttingen, Born also promoted many underachievers and cultivated a large number of well-known physicists. After the National Socialist German Labor Party (the Nazi Party) came to power in January 1933, Born, who is Jewish, was suspended from his job. He immediately moved to England and took a position at St. John's College, Cambridge. In October 1936, Born became Tate Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh. After his retirement, he moved to Bad Pyrmont, West Germany, and died in hospital in Göttingen on January 5, 1970.

Marvin·plum·Minsky（English：Marvin Lee Minsky，1927Year8moon9day—2016Year1moon24day），Born in New York City, New York, United States，American scientist，Specializing in cognitive science and artificial intelligence，Co-founder of MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory，Author of several works on artificial intelligence and philosophy。 In 1969, he won the Turing Award for his contribution to the field of artificial intelligence.