Scientists

John Daniel Kraus is an American electromagnetic and antenna researcher and theoretical educator. He has co-authored many textbooks in the field of radio waves with many scholars.

John von Neumann (German: John von Neumann, December 28, 1903 - February 8, 1957), formerly known as Neumann János Lajos (Neumann János) Lajos, an American Jewish mathematician born in Hungary, has made significant contributions to many mathematical fields such as functional analysis, ergodic theory, geometry, topology, and numerical analysis, as well as computer science, quantum mechanics, and economics. He is known as the "Father of Game Theory" and "The Father of Computers." Von Neumann has been known for his extraordinary intelligence and memory since he was a child. Von Neumann published approximately 150 papers during his lifetime, including 60 pure mathematics papers, 20 physics papers, and 60 applied mathematics papers. His final work was an unfinished manuscript, later published under the title The Computer and the Brain, reflecting his interests in the final years of his life. He has worked at Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, United States.

John Robert Schrieffer (English: John Robert Schrieffer, May 31, 1931 – July 27, 2019) was an American physicist. He jointly won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1972 for co-creating the microscopic theory of superconductivity, or BCS theory, with John Bardeen and Leon Cooper.

John Forbes Nash Jr. (English: John Forbes Nash Jr., June 13, 1928 - May 23, 2015), often called John Nash, was an American mathematician and former Moore Honorary Lecturer at MIT. He mainly studied game theory, differential geometry and partial differential equations. In his later years, he was a senior research mathematician at Princeton University. In 1950, Nash received a doctorate from Princeton University in the United States. He proposed an important concept in a doctoral thesis of only 28 pages, which became an important breakthrough in game theory. This concept is called "Nash equilibrium" and is widely used in economics, computer science, evolutionary biology, artificial intelligence, accounting, policy and military theory. In 1994, he and two other game theorists, John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten, won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. Nash's most important mathematical achievements were in the fields of differential geometry and partial differential equations, especially the results of isometric embedding of Riemannian manifolds into Euclidean space. For his contributions to nonlinear partial differential equations, he jointly received the 2015 Abel Prize with Louis Nirenberg. Geometer Mikhail Gromov commented on Nash's work: "He had tremendous analytical (referring to mathematical analysis) ability combined with geometric insight. ... His geometric work, whether it is his results, techniques, or ideas used, were contrary to anyone's original expectations. ... What he did in geometry, in my opinion, is incomparably much greater than what he did in economics, by many orders of magnitude." After 1959, his research career was interrupted due to the emergence of mental symptoms. He entered the hospital for recuperation twice in 1959 and 1961 and was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Nash refused to receive psychotropic medication. After 1970, his symptoms gradually improved and he returned to academic research. His experiences during this period were written as a biography by Sylvia Nasa and remade into the movie "Beautiful Realm", making his deeds widely known.

John Howard Northrop (English: John Howard Northrop, July 5, 1891 - May 27, 1987), American chemist, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946.

John McCarthy (English: John McCarthy, September 4, 1927 - October 24, 2011) was a computer scientist born in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. He won the Turing Award in 1971 for his contributions to the field of artificial intelligence. In fact, it was he who proposed the concept of "artificial intelligence" at the Dartmouth Conference in 1956.

Johannes Kepler (German: Johannes Kepler, pronounced: [joˈhanəs ˈkɛplɐ]; December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630), German astronomer and mathematician. Kepler was a key figure in the scientific revolution of the 17th century. His most well-known achievement is Kepler's laws, which are three laws extracted by later scholars based on his works "New Astronomy", "Harmony of the World", and "Summary of Copernican Astronomy". They had a great influence on Isaac Newton and inspired Newton to later come up with Newton's law of universal gravitation. Kepler worked as a mathematics teacher at a theological seminary in Graz, Austria, where he became a colleague of Prince Hans Ulrich of Eggenberg. He later became an assistant to the astronomer Tycho Brahe and eventually became royal mathematician to Emperor Rudolf II and his two successors, Matthias and Ferdinand II. He also served as a mathematics teacher and advisor to General Wallenstein in Linz, Austria. In addition, he did fundamental work in the field of optics, invented an improved refracting telescope (Kepler's telescope), and mentioned the discoveries made by Galileo using telescopes at the same time. When Kepler lived, there was no clear distinction between astronomy and astrology, but there was a clear distinction between astronomy (a branch of mathematics in the liberal arts) and physics (a branch of natural philosophy). Because of his religious beliefs, Kepler included religious arguments and reasons in his works. Because we believe that God created the world with wisdom, people can understand God's plan of creation as long as they use the light of natural reason. . Kepler described his new astronomy as "astrophysics", "a journey to Aristotle's Metaphysics", "a supplement to Aristotle's cosmology", a physical cosmology that transformed the ancient tradition by making astronomy part of general mathematical physics.

Nasir al-Din Al-Tusi (Persian: نصیر الدین طوسی Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, February 18, 1201 - June 26, 1274), whose original name was Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Hassan al-Tusi (محمد بن محمد بن حسن طوسی), Persian polymath, architect, philosopher, physicist, scientist, and Islamic theologian.

Werner Karl Heisenberg (German: Werner Karl Heisenberg; December 5, 1901 - February 1, 1976) was a German physicist, one of the founders of quantum mechanics, and a representative figure of the "Copenhagen School". In 1933, Heisenberg won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics for "the creation of quantum mechanics and the resulting discovery of the allotropes of hydrogen." His main contribution to physics is the matrix form of quantum mechanics (matrix mechanics), the "uncertainty principle" (also known as the "Heisenberg uncertainty principle") and the S matrix theory. His "Physical Principles of Quantum Theory" is a classic work in the field of quantum mechanics.

Robert Sanderson Mulliken (English: Robert Sanderson Mulliken, June 7, 1896 - October 31, 1986), American physicist and chemist. For his contribution to molecular orbital theory, he won the Peter Debye Prize in 1963, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1966, became an academician of the Royal Society in 1967, and won the Priestley Prize in 1983.

Robert William Holley (English: Dr Robert William Holley, January 28, 1922 - February 11, 1993), American biochemist, was born in Urbana, Illinois. He won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for elucidating the tRNA linking alanine to DNA. Co-winners include Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall Warren Nirenberg.

Robert Andrews Millikan (March 22, 1868 - December 19, 1953), American physicist, winner of the 1922 IEEE Edison Medal and the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physics. From 1910 to 1917, he used oil droplet experiments to accurately measure the value of the charge quantity e of the basic charge, thereby determining the discontinuity of charge. In 1916, he verified that Einstein's photoelectric effect formula was correct and measured Planck's constant; in addition, he also did some work on cosmic rays.

Robert Floyd Curl, Jr. (English: Robert Floyd Curl, Jr., August 23, 1933 - July 3, 2022), American chemist. He shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Harold Croteau and Richard Smalley for the discovery of fullerenes. He was an emeritus professor in the Department of Chemistry at Rice University.

Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (German: [ˈʁoːbɛʁt kɔx]; December 11, 1843 – May 27, 1910) was a German physician and microbiologist, known as the "Father of Microbiology" along with Louis Pasteur and Ferdinand Cohen. Koch discovered Bacillus anthracis in 1876 and established the germ theory of disease, which laid the scientific foundation for the birth of bacteriology and the popularization of public health, and indirectly saved thousands of lives. In addition, Koch also discovered the phenomenon of acquired immunity, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Vibrio cholerae; invented solid culture media, and pioneered techniques such as hanging drop specimen examination, microphotography, and bacterial staining. Based on his studies in bacteriology, he derived Koch's law, which was of great significance to pathology and influenced epidemiological laws such as the Bradford-Hill criterion.

Sir Roger Penrose, MBE (UK), Royal Society (English: Sir Roger Penrose, born August 8, 1931), British mathematician, mathematical physicist, philosopher of science and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics. He is the Rouse Ball Emeritus Professor of Mathematics at the University of Oxford. His research in mathematical physics is highly regarded, especially his contributions to general relativity and cosmology. Roger Penrose was the son of scientists Lionel Penrose and Margaret Lees, and the brother of mathematician Oliver Penrose and chess master Jonathan Penrose. He won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for proving that the formation of black holes conforms to the predictions of general relativity.

Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (English: Rosalyn Sussman Yalow, July 19, 1921 - May 30, 2011) was an American medical physicist who shared the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Roger Guillemin and Andrew Salley for developing radioimmunoassays for peptide hormones. She was the second American woman to win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, after Gertie Corey.

Luo Xiwen (December 2, 1945 -), a native of Zhuzhou, Hunan, is an expert in agricultural mechanization engineering in China.

Robert Benjamin Leighton (English: Robert Benjamin Leighton, September 10, 1919 - March 9, 1997), born in Detroit, was an American physicist.

Rosalind Elsie Franklin was a British physical chemist and crystallographer. Her research focuses on the structure of substances such as DNA, viruses, coal and graphite. Among them, the DNA crystal diffraction image "Photograph No. 51" she took, as well as related data about this substance, became the key clues for James Watson and Francis Crick to solve the structure of DNA. Since then, she has also led research on tobacco mosaic virus and poliovirus.

Jian Zhimin (December 1966-), a Uyghur nationality from Changde, Hunan, is a Chinese marine geologist. Mainly engaged in research in the fields of paleoceanography and marine micropaleontology. The main research achievements of him and his team include: the discovery that the influence of deep water masses in the Western Pacific increased sharply during the Last Glacial Maximum; and the discovery of its 1500-year history through high-resolution research on the evolution of the Kuroshio in the Holocene. changing cycles; explained the different driving mechanisms of the East Asian winter monsoon and summer monsoon from an oceanographic perspective; established a long sequence of paleoclimate records in the deep sea area of the South China Sea for more than one million years; research on drilling in the Southern Ocean found for the first time evidence of a sharp strengthening of the East Asian winter monsoon in the late Pliocene, etc. His research has led to the development of paleoceanographic research in China's sea areas towards three-dimensional high-resolution and long-term series.

Nie Zuoren (January 15, 1963 -) is a Chinese expert in the fields of refractory metal powder metallurgy and aluminum alloys. He is currently a professor and president of Beijing University of Technology. In 2017, he was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Xiao Xuchang (October 12, 1930 - December 6, 2023), Chinese structural geologist. Born in Anshun, Guizhou. Graduated from the Department of Geology of Peking University in 1952. In 1991, he was elected as a member (academician) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Researcher at the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences.

Hu Renyu (July 20, 1931 -), male, native of Jiangshan, Zhejiang, born in Shanghai, Chinese physicist, former researcher, vice president, and president of the China Academy of Engineering Physics.

Hu Hongwen (March 16, 1925 - May 19, 2016), male, was born in Guang'an, Sichuan, a Chinese organic chemist and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.