Scholars

Friedrich August von Hayek, CH (German: Friedrich August von Hayek, May 8, 1899 - March 23, 1992), an Austrian-born economist, political philosopher and social theorist who was later naturalized in Britain, is one of the important representatives of the Austrian school of economics and classical liberalism. In 1974, Hayek and Swedish economist Gunnar Murdal jointly won the Nobel Prize in Economics. Hayek has taught at the London School of Economics and Political Science in the United Kingdom, the Council on Social Thought at the University of Chicago, and the University of Freiburg in Germany. In his early days, he mainly studied monetary theory, capital theory and business cycles. His discussion of the price mechanism in coordinating decentralized economic activities is considered one of his important contributions to economics. Later, Hayek's research gradually turned to the fields of epistemology, cognitive science, law, political philosophy and social order. His discussion of the dispersion of knowledge, spontaneous order, and competition as a process of discovery had an important impact on economics, political philosophy, and social theory. Hayek criticized central planning, collectivism, and the viability of socialist economic calculation, and advocated free markets, the rule of law, general rules, and limited government. His masterpieces include Prices and Production, The Road to Serfdom, The Charter of Liberty, Law, Legislation and Liberty, and The Fatal Conceit. Among them, "The Road to Serfdom" is one of his most publicly influential books, with cumulative sales of more than 2 million copies as of 2010. In 1947, he participated in the founding of the Mount Pilgrim Society. In 1984, he was awarded the British Honorary Order of Merit. Received the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1991.

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was a German philosopher, poet, cultural critic, classical linguist and composer whose works had a profound influence on modern philosophy. Nietzsche was a classical philologist before turning to philosophy. He also wrote poetry and music as a side job.

Friedrich Engels (German: Friedrich Engels; November 28, 1820 - August 5, 1895) was a German communist activist, philosopher, political theorist, historian, textile businessman and journalist. He is one of the founders of Marxism, a close friend of Karl Marx, and calls himself the "second fiddler." Since meeting Marx in 1844, Engels provided Marx with a large amount of financial support and co-authored with him such works as "The Communist Manifesto", "The Holy Family" and "The German Ideology". After Marx's death in 1883, Engels continued to lead the international workers' movement, helped Marx complete his unfinished "Das Kapital" and other works, and promoted the establishment of the Second International in 1889. Engels's representative works include "The Condition of the Working Class in England", "Anti-Dühring", "Dialectics of Nature", "The Origin of Family, Private Property and the State" and "Feuerbach and the End of German Classical Philosophy".

Fritz Machlup (English: Fritz Machlup, December 15, 1902 - January 30, 1983), an Austrian-American economist, was one of the first scholars to propose the concept of knowledge economy. Mahloup noted that some monetary authorities are keen to increase the currency reserves they manage. He likened the monetary authorities' pursuit of maximizing currency reserves to his wife's pursuit of more new clothes in her wardrobe. Later generations nicknamed this phenomenon "Mrs. Machlup's Wardrobe".

Zhang Xinpei (?—?), whose native place is unknown, is a philosopher. During the Japanese occupation of North China, he served as Director of the Education Department of the North China Government Affairs Commission and Director of the Beijing Library.

Jung Chang, CBE (English name: Jung Chang, born March 25, 1952), formerly known as Zhang Erhong, is a British Chinese writer currently living in London.

Zhang Wei (November 7, 1956 -), male, originally from Qixia, Shandong Province, was born in Huang County, Shandong Province (now Longkou City), and is a writer in the People's Republic of China. Graduated from the Chinese Department of the former Yantai Normal College (now Ludong University) and is a professional writer; joined the Chinese Writers Association in 1982. He is currently the Vice Chairman of the Chinese Writers Association, Chairman of the Shandong Writers Association, a part-time professor at Shandong Normal University, and the founder and dean of Wansongpu Academy.

Zhang Yitang (February 5, 1955 -), a native of Shanghai, originally from Pinghu, Zhejiang, is a Chinese-American mathematician whose research field is analytic number theory. On April 17, 2013, he published an article in "Annals of Mathematics" related to the twin prime conjecture "Bounded Intervals between Prime Numbers", which proved for the first time that there are infinite pairs of prime numbers with finite gaps (the specific gap is less than 70 million, see Prime Number Difference). In 2016, he was invited by President Yang Zuyou to join the University of California, Santa Barbara as a tenured professor in the Department of Mathematics. In June 2025, he moved his family back to China, joined Sun Yat-sen University full-time, and was employed by the Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study of Sun Yat-sen University. Zhang Yitang dropped out of school due to political reasons since childhood. In 1978, he was admitted to the Department of Mathematics of Peking University to receive undergraduate and postgraduate education. In the 1980s, he went to the United States to complete his doctoral thesis at Purdue University. During this period, he was assigned to study algebraic geometry with Mo Zongjian, which he was not interested in. After graduating with a Ph.D., I did not receive a recommendation letter from my supervisor, and I relied on doing odd jobs to make a living for a long time. I once worked as a cashier in a fast food restaurant, a Chinese food delivery person, and odd jobs in motels. Later, with the help of alumni, he obtained a lecturer position at the University of New Hampshire. He has not given up his research in the field of number theory. The Annals of Mathematics usually reviews manuscripts for two years, and his paper passed peer review within five weeks, setting a record for the fastest acceptance time in the 130 years since its founding. The proof that the gap between prime numbers is bounded has attracted the attention of scholars in the field of prime number research.

Zhang Hongjie (April 1972-), formerly known as Zhang Chang, is a professor and researcher at the School of History at Renmin University of China. His main research directions are non-fiction historical writing and public history communication.

Zhang Yufa (born February 1, 1935 or 1936) is a historian of the Republic of China and an academician of the Academia Sinica.

Shi Yue (1979-), pen name Nian Mingyue, male, was born in Yichang, Hubei, and native of Wuhan, Hubei. He is a writer, scholar and official in the People's Republic of China. He was a former Shunde Customs civil servant and editor of the magazine "Golden Key" under the General Administration of Customs. He became popular for writing the historical novel "Those Things in the Ming Dynasty". He later served as deputy director of the Research Office of the Shanghai Municipal People's Government and associate researcher of the Ming History Society of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.

Xu Fuguan (January 31, 1904 - April 1, 1982), whose original name was Bingchang and whose courtesy name was Buddhism, was later renamed Fuguan by Xiong Shili. He was male and a native of Fengxingyuan, Xuqiao County, Xishui County, Hubei Province. He was one of the representatives of New Confucianism.

Dale Thomas Mortensen (English: Dale Thomas Mortensen, February 2, 1939 - January 9, 2014) was an American economist and former professor at Northwestern University. He is known for his research on labor economics, especially the theory of frictional unemployment. On December 10, 2010, he won the Nobel Prize in Economics together with Peter Diamond and Christopher Pissarides.

Tinglong Dai is the Bernard T. Ferrari Chair Professor and Professor of Operations Management and Business Analysis at the Johns Hopkins University School of Business. He specializes in management science and is interested in the U.S. healthcare system. , artificial intelligence , global supply chain , market operation , and online platforms.

Dai Jianye (1956-), a native of Macheng, Hubei Province, graduated from Central China Normal University. He is now a professor, doctoral supervisor, and leader of the classical literature subject group and subject leader of the Ancient Literature Teaching and Research Section of the School of Liberal Arts of Central China Normal University. In October 2018, he became popular after his video of teaching ancient poetry in class was uploaded to Douyin, and he was known as the "Internet celebrity professor".

David Edward Card (English: David Edward Card, born 1956) is a Canadian-American economist in the field of labor economics and a professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley. He was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Economics together with two others for "empirical contributions to labor economics."

Thomas Crombie Schelling (English: Thomas Crombie Schelling, April 14, 1921 - December 13, 2016), American economist, sociologist, and professor at the School of Public Policy at the University of Maryland. His research fields are foreign affairs, national security, nuclear strategy, and weapons control. Its theory is partly inherited from the mathematical sociologist James Samuel Coleman, who jointly won the 2005 Nobel Prize in Economics with Robert Auman for "improving our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game theory analysis." He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association. In 1991, he served as president of the American Economic Association. In 1995, he served as president of the Eastern Economic Association.

Thomas Samuel Kuhn (English: Thomas Samuel Kuhn, July 18, 1922 - June 17, 1996), American physicist, historian of science and philosopher of science, represented by "Copernican Revolution" and "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions". His most famous work, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), established a well-known discussion basis for contemporary scientific thought research; whether for approval or criticism, he can be said to be the most influential history of science and philosopher of science, and his works have also been cited in a wide range of fields outside of the history of science. The New York Times believes that with this book, the word paradigm has become one of the most commonly used words in contemporary times.

Tomas Gösta Tranströmer (Swedish: Tomas Gösta Tranströmer, April 15, 1931 - March 26, 2015, born in Stockholm, Sweden) is one of the best poets in Sweden today, as well as a psychologist and translator. He has authored more than ten volumes of poetry, which have been translated into more than 30 languages, especially Dutch, English and Hungarian. Tranström published his first collection of poems "17 Poems" in 1954, which caused a sensation in the Swedish poetry world and became a highlight of the Swedish poetry scene in the 1950s. After becoming famous, he successively published poetry collections "Secrets on the Road" (1958), "The Half-Complete Sky" (1962), and "Tone and Footsteps" (19 66), "Seeing the Dark" (1970), "The Path" (1973), "Obstacles of Truth" (1978) and "Savage Square" (1983), "For the Living and the Dead" (1989), "The Sorrowful Gondola" (1996), etc., has won a number of international and Swedish literary awards, and has considerable international influence. Tranström has been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature many times, and finally won the award in 2011, "because through his concise and transparent imagery, we experience the real world in a new way."

St. Thomas Aquinas (Latin: St. Thomas Aquinas; Italian: Tommaso d'Aquino; approximately 1225 - March 7, 1274; often translated as Thomas Aquinas or Thomas Aquinas) was a European medieval scholastic philosopher and theologian. He is one of the earliest advocates of natural theology and the founder of Thomism. He has become an important basis for Catholic philosophical research for a long time. His most famous work is the "Summa Theologica". The Catholic Church believes that Aquinas is the greatest theologian in history, and ranks him as one of the 36 Church Doctors, also known as the King of Theology and Dr. Angel (Angelic Doctor).

Thomas Hobbes (English: Thomas Hobbes, April 5, 1588 - December 4, 1679) was a British political philosopher and the founder of the modern liberal political philosophy system. He also created a complete system of mechanical materialism, believing that the universe is the sum of all mechanically moving extended objects. He proposed the theory of "state of nature" and the origin of the state, believing that the state was formed by people entering into a contract to abide by "natural law" and was a man-made robot. When the monarch can fulfill the responsibilities of ensuring the safety of the people as stipulated in the contract, the people should be completely loyal to the monarch. His book Leviathan, published in 1651, laid the foundation for all subsequent developments in Western political philosophy. Hobbes's thoughts had a profound influence on subsequent Montesquieu and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, but at the same time, his social contract theory had its own uniqueness compared with absolute monarchy. Although Hobbes is best known for his works on political philosophy, he also wrote on many other subjects, including history, geometry, ethics, physics, theology, and law. In addition, Hobbes believed that human behavior is self-centred, which has also become an important theory in philosophical anthropology research.

Slavoj Žižek is a Slovenian sociologist, philosopher, cultural critic, psychoanalytic theorist and Marxist scholar.

Fang Weigui (1957-), a native of Shanghai, is a professor at the School of Liberal Arts of Beijing Normal University. He is mainly engaged in research in the fields of comparative literature and conceptual history.

Yi Zhongtian (February 8, 1947-), a native of Changsha, Hunan, is a writer, cultural scholar and esthetician. He graduated from Wuhan University in 1981 with a Master of Arts degree and stayed at the school to teach. He once served as a professor and doctoral supervisor in the Chinese Department of the School of Humanities of Xiamen University, and is currently the dean of the Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities and Arts of Xiamen University. The work "Yi Zhongtian: Appreciation of the Three Kingdoms" was selected into the "600 Most Influential Books in China in the 60 Years of New China" jointly sponsored by the China Booksellers Newspaper and the China Publishing Science Institute in 2009.