Ludwig Wittgenstein

Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (German: Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein; April 26, 1889 - April 29, 1951) was an Austrian philosopher who later became a British citizen. Wittgenstein is one of the most influential philosophers in the 20th century. His research areas are mainly in logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and philosophy of mathematics. From 1929 to 1947, Wittgenstein taught at Cambridge University. He published few works during his lifetime, only the 1921 Tractatus Logic and Philosophy, an essay, a book review, and a dictionary for Austrian primary school students. A large number of his manuscripts were edited and published after his death, the most famous of which was "Philosophical Investigations" published in 1953, which is considered to have led a new direction in the philosophy of language. According to a survey, this book is considered one of the most important works of philosophy in the 20th century, and as "an interdisciplinary masterpiece of 20th century philosophy, it has attracted interest from different majors and philosophical directions." Wittgenstein's philosophy is often divided into early and late periods, with the early representative being the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and the late representative being the Philosophical Investigations. "Early Wittgenstein's thought" focused on the logical structure between the world and propositions. At this time, Wittgenstein believed that we can solve all philosophical problems through such structures. But "late Wittgensteinian thought" rejected most of the assumptions in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, arguing that the meaning of words can only be better understood within a given language game. Wittgenstein was born into a wealthy family in Vienna and inherited a huge inheritance from his father in 1913. Before World War I, he "provided generous support to needy poets and artists selected by Ludwig von Fick, editor of Der Brenner magazine, among them Georg Trakl, Rainer Maria Rilke, and the architect Adolf Loos." After World War I, Wittgenstein fell into depression, and he gave the remainder of his inheritance to his siblings. Wittgenstein had three older brothers who died by suicide; he left academia several times: as a frontline officer in World War I, where he was repeatedly commended for courage; as a primary school teacher in a remote Austrian village, he was controversial for his use of corporal punishment (especially in mathematics classes); during World War II, he worked as a porter in a London hospital, telling patients not to take the medicines prescribed by their doctors; and as a laboratory technician at the Royal Victoria Clinic in Newcastle upon Tyne. He later expressed these events