Scientists

Kalyampūḍi Rādhākr̥ṣṇa Rāvu, English: Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao, Kannada: ಕಲ್ಯಂಪುಡಿ ರಾಧಾಕೃಷ್ಣ ರಾವ್, Romanized: Kalyampuḍi Rādhākr̥ṣṇa Rāv (September 20, 1920 - August 23, 2023), a Telugu American statistician and mathematician who served as an honorary professor at Pennsylvania State University and a research professor at the State University of New York at Buffalo. Rao has received many different honorary degrees and received the National Medal of Science in 2002. The American Statistical Association commented that he is "a living legend. His research results not only have an impact on statistics, but also have a profound impact on other disciplines, such as economics, genetics, anthropology, geology, demography, vital statistics, medicine, etc." The Indian Times listed Rao as one of India's top ten outstanding scientists.

Karl Landsteiner (German: Karl Landsteiner, June 14, 1868 - June 26, 1943) was an Austrian-American bacteriologist. In 1900 he discovered the human ABO blood group system, for which he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930. In 1937, he discovered the Rh blood group system together with Alexander Solomon Wiener.

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (German: Johann Carl Friedrich Gauß, [kaʁl ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈɡaʊs], Latin: Carolus Fridericus Gauss; April 30, 1777 - February 23, 1855), a German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist who made important contributions in many fields of mathematics and science. He served as director of the Göttingen Observatory in Germany and as professor of astronomy from 1807 until his death in 1855. Gauss had already proposed several mathematical theorems while studying at the University of Göttingen. As an independent scholar, he wrote the classics Research into Arithmetic and Theory of the Movement of Celestial Bodies (Latin: Theoria motus corporum coelestium). Gauss provided the second and third complete proofs of the fundamental theorem of algebra. In number theory, he made many important contributions, including the compound law, the law of quadratic reciprocity, and a special case of Fermat's polygonal number theorem. He also studied the theory of binary and ternary quadratic forms, the heptagram construction method, and the theory of hypergeometric functions. Due to his extensive and profound contributions to science and mathematics, more than one hundred mathematical and scientific concepts are named after him today. Gauss played a key role in identifying Ceres as a dwarf planet. He studied the perturbation of the motion of asteroids by large planets, thereby introducing the Gaussian gravitational constant and developing the method of least squares (discovered before Adrien-Marie Legendre published it). From 1820 to 1844, Gauss presided over the geodetic survey of the Kingdom of Hanover and an arc-measuring project; he was one of the founders of geophysics and proposed the basic principles of magnetism. The fruits of his practical work include the invention of the heliograph in 1821, the magnetometer in 1833, and the world's first electromagnetic telegraph, which he built with William Edward Webb in 1833. Gauss was the first to discover and study non-Euclidean geometry, and the theory is named after him. He also developed the Fast Fourier Transform some 160 years before John Tukey and James Cooley. Gauss refused to publish unfinished research, and some of his important results were compiled and published by others after his death. He believes that the process of learning itself, not the possession of knowledge, is the greatest pleasure. although he is not

Carl Edward Sagan was an American astronomer, planetary scientist, science fiction novelist and popular science writer, and the founder of the Planetary Society. Sagan collected the first physical messages sent into space: the Voyager's Golden Record. Sagan proposed the still accepted hypothesis that the high temperature on the surface of Venus is due to the greenhouse effect.

Carolyn Widney "Carol" Greider (English: Carolyn Widney "Carol" Greider, born April 15, 1961), an American molecular biologist, currently a professor in the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics at Johns Hopkins University. She was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Elizabeth Blackburn and Jack Szostak "for their discovery of how telomeres and telomerase protect chromosomes."

Carolyn Ruth Bertozzi (English: Carolyn Ruth Bertozzi; born October 10, 1966), American chemist, member of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Inventors, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, and the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford University. In addition, Bertosi is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator and former director of Molecular Foundry, the Nanoscience Research Center at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Known for his extensive work spanning chemistry and biology. She coined the term "bioorthogonal chemistry" to refer to chemical reactions that are compatible with living systems. Her recent work includes synthesizing chemical tools to study cell surface sugars called glycans and how they impact diseases such as cancer, inflammation, and viral infections like COVID-19. She received a MacArthur Genius Grant at the age of 33. In 2010, she became the first woman to receive the Lemelson-MIT Prize. In 2014, Bertosi became editor-in-chief of ACS Central Science, the American Chemical Society's first peer-reviewed open-access journal, whose entire content is freely available to the public. Since 2021 she is a member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Italian Lynx Eye. As an openly lesbian woman in academia and science, Bertozzi has been a role model to students and colleagues. In 2022, she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Carl Barry Sharpless and Morten Meirdahl for their outstanding contributions to bioorthogonal chemistry and click chemistry.

Lu Yanhao (April 16, 1913 - February 20, 2000) was a Chinese stratigraphic paleontologist. Born in Yongding, Fujian. Graduated from the Department of Geology of Peking University in 1937. In 1980, he was elected as a member (academician) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He once served as researcher and deputy director of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and chairman of the Chinese Paleontological Society.

Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi (Italian: Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi, April 25, 1874 - July 20, 1937) was an Italian electrical engineer, inventor, and businessman. He is famous for his invention of a practical telegraph system based on radio waves, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Braun in 1909. Marconi's contribution laid the foundation for the development of radio, television and modern wireless communication systems, so he is known as the "Father of Radio" together with Nikola Tesla, Alexander Stepanovich Popov and others. Marconi used electromagnetic waves for communication experiments in the spring of 1895, but failed to request funding from the Italian government. In 1896, a 14.4-kilometer communication test was successfully conducted in the United Kingdom and a patent was obtained. Starting in 1897, he conducted a series of radio communication experiments and established the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company in London. On December 12, 1901, Marconi's research team received the first trans-Atlantic radio signal sent from Britain in Newfoundland. In 1924, he was granted the title of Marquis and became a noble.

Steven Weinberg (English: Steven Weinberg, May 3, 1933 - July 23, 2021), born in New York, was an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979.

Stephen C. Harrison (English: Stephen C. Harrison, June 4, 1943 -) is an American biochemist. He is a researcher at Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He won the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize in 1990, the Aminoff Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 2006, was elected as a Foreign Fellow of the Royal Society in 2014, and won the Welch Prize in Chemistry in 2015.

Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA, was a British theoretical physicist, cosmologist and popular science writer. He served as the Research Director of the Center for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge during his lifetime. His many scientific contributions include his collaboration with Roger Penrose on the Penrose-Hawking singularity theorem within the framework of general relativity, and his theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation (now called Hawking radiation). Hawking was the first to propose a cosmological theory jointly explained by general relativity and quantum mechanics. He is an active supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.

Wu Zhongchao (1946-), a native of Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, is a professor at Zhejiang University of Technology. He has translated a large number of popular science works into Chinese such as "A Brief History of Time", "The Universe in a Nutshell" and "The Grand Design" by his mentor Stephen Hawking.

Wu Yundong (May 1957-), born in Liyang, Jiangsu, is a theoretical organic chemist, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and professor of Peking University. He once served as the dean of Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School.

Chien-Shiung Wu (English: Chien-Shiung Wu; May 31, 1912 - February 16, 1997) was a Chinese-American physicist who made outstanding contributions in the field of nuclear physics. Her achievements in experimental physics often make her comparable to Marie Curie. Wu Jianxiong is the first female president of the American Physical Society. She is often called "China's Marie Curie", "the first lady of physics research", "the queen of nuclear research" and "one of the most outstanding female experimental physicists in the world". Wu Jianxiong graduated from the National Central University of the Republic of China and the University of California, Berkeley, where he studied under Nobel Prize winner Ernest Lawrence. During the Manhattan Project, she participated in research on how to use gas diffusion to separate two isotopes of uranium (uranium-235 and uranium-238). Wu Jianxiong has been teaching at Columbia University for a long time. One of her most famous scientific research achievements is the use of experimental methods to verify parity non-conservation. This work won her colleagues Tsung-Dao Li and Chen Ning Yang the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957. For this work, she was awarded the Wolf Prize in Physics, first awarded in 1978.

Wu Yangjie (January 1, 1928 -), male, native of Jinan, Shandong, Chinese organic chemist, professor of the Department of Chemistry of Zhengzhou University, director of the Key Open Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Henan University, and director of the Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry.

Wu Shishu (May 27, 1923 - February 27, 2009) was a native of Yihuang, Jiangxi Province, a theoretical physicist and a professor at Jilin University. Mainly engaged in research and teaching in atomic nuclear theory, especially nuclear many-body theory.

Wu Dexin (December 20, 1936 - March 23, 2026), Chinese semiconductor device and integrated circuit expert. Born in Leting, Hebei. Graduated from the Department of Radio and Electronic Engineering of Tsinghua University in 1961. Researcher at the Microelectronics Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 1991, he was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (member of the academic department). In March 1998, at the first session of the Ninth National People's Congress, he was elected as a member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. At 13:15 on March 23, 2026, Wu Dexin died of illness in Beijing at the age of 90.

Wu Yingkai (May 8, 1910 - November 13, 2003), a native of Xinmin, Liaoning, Manchu, medical educator, cardiothoracic surgery expert, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Howard Georgi (English: Howard Georgi, January 6, 1947 -), American particle physicist and professor at Harvard University. He is best known for co-proposing with Sheldon Glashow S U ( 5 ) {\displaystyle SU(5)} known as the Grand Unified Theory.

Harold William Kuhn (English: Harold William Kuhn, July 29, 1925 - July 2, 2014) was an American mathematician who studied game theory. He received the 1980 John von Neumann Theory Prize along with David Gale and Albert W. Tucker. He was Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at Princeton University and is known for the Karrueche-Kuhn-Tuck condition, Kuhn's theorem, developing Kuhn's Poker, and the Hungarian algorithm for describing task allocation problems. But recently it was discovered that Karl Jacobi had already solved the allocation problem in a paper published in Latin in 1890, decades before the Hungarian algorithm.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (German: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz; July 1, 1646 - November 14, 1716), a German scientist, philosopher, and generalist, known as the "Aristotle of the seventeenth century". He himself often traveled to and from major towns; many of his formulas were completed on bumpy carriages, and he also claimed to have the noble status of a baron. Leibniz occupies an important position in the history of mathematics and philosophy. In mathematics, he and Newton independently invented calculus, and the mathematical symbols of calculus he used are more widely used. The symbols invented by Leibniz are generally considered to be more comprehensive and have a wider range of applications. Leibniz also contributed to the development of binary systems. In philosophy, Leibniz is most famous for his optimism; he believed that "our universe is, in a sense, the best of God's creations." He, Descartes, and Baruch Spinoza are considered the three greatest rationalist philosophers of the seventeenth century. Leibniz's work in philosophy, while anticipating the birth of modern logic and analytic philosophy, was also obviously deeply influenced by the scholastic tradition, applying more first principles or a priori definitions rather than experimental evidence to derive conclusions. Leibniz also made major contributions to the development of physics and technology, and developed concepts that would later touch upon a wide range of disciplines, including biology, medicine, geology, probability theory, psychology, linguistics, and information science. Leibniz left works in many directions such as politics, law, ethics, theology, philosophy, history, and linguistics. Leibniz's contributions to such a wide range of subjects are scattered among scholarly journals, thousands of letters, and unpublished manuscripts, four of which are in Latin, three in French, and one-fifth in German. As of 2010, not all of Leibniz's works have been collected. In 2007, the Leibniz manuscript collection of the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Library and Lower Saxony State Library was included in the Memory of the World project compiled by UNESCO.

Don Ellis Wilson (English: Don E. Wilson, born April 30, 1944) is an American zoologist who specializes in mammalogy and is famous for his research on bats. Wilson is one of two editors-in-chief of Mammal Species of the World. Wilson's blind snake is named after Wilson.

Tang Zhongzhang (December 10, 1905 - July 21, 1993), male, was born in Fuzhou, Fujian, a Chinese biologist and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Edward Donnall Thomas (English: Edward Donnall Thomas, March 15, 1920 - October 20, 2012), American doctor.