Scientists

Marie Curie was a French physicist and chemist born in Poland.

Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, physicist and astronomer.

Albert Einstein was a theoretical physicist born in Germany.

Sir Joseph John Thomson (English: Sir Joseph John Thomson, December 18, 1856 - August 30, 1940), British physicist, Nobel Prize winner in physics. He discovered the electron and determined its mass-to-charge ratio. This was the first subatomic particle discovered. In 1897, Thomson showed that cathode rays consisted of previously unknown negatively charged particles (now called electrons), which he calculated must be much smaller than atoms and have a very small mass-to-charge ratio. Thomson also discovered the first evidence of stable (non-radioactive) isotopes of elements in 1913, one of the results of his exploration of anode rays (positive ions). His experiments with Francis Aston to determine the properties of positively charged particles were the first use of mass spectrometry, leading to the development of the mass spectrometer. Thomson was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the conduction of electricity in gases.

Ding Fubao (June 22, 1874 - November 28, 1952), also known as Zhongyou, was a hermit in Changzhou, Jiangsu Province and was born in Wuxi. Buddhist layman in the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China, translator, collector of ancient coins and ancient books, and doctor.

Samuel C. C. Ting (English: Samuel C. C. Ting, January 27, 1936 -), a Chinese-American experimental physicist, was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. He is an academician of Academia Sinica, the National Academy of Sciences and a foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is currently a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States and won the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics. He is best known for his discovery of the J particle.

Wan Zhexian (November 7, 1927 - May 30, 2023), male, native of Mianyang, Hubei, was born in Zichuan, Shandong, a Chinese mathematician.

Wan Huilin (November 20, 1938 - April 28, 2024), male, native of Hanyang, Hubei, was born in Hankou, Hubei, a Chinese physical chemist and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Professor in the Department of Chemistry of Xiamen University, he served as dean of the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and director of the State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces.

Shimomura Tsutomu (Japanese: Shimomura Tsutomu/Shimomura Tsutomu, Romanized: Shimomura Tsutomu, October 23, 1964 -) is a Japanese-American computer security expert, computational physics expert, and the son of the 2008 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry Osamu Shimomura.

Shing-tung Yau (English: Shing-tung Yau, born April 4, 1949), courtesy name Fengsheng, Han nationality, native of Jiaoling County, Meizhou, is a Chinese-American mathematician who has won the Fields Medal and the Wolf Prize in Mathematics. He grew up in Hong Kong until graduating from college, and then went to the United States for further study and naturalized as an American citizen. He has served as a professor at Harvard University, Bowen Chair Professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and director of the Yau Shing-tung Mathematical Sciences Center at Tsinghua University. Yau Shing Tong was born in Meizhou, China, moved to Hong Kong when he was under one year old, and moved to the United States in 1969. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1982 in recognition of his contributions to partial differential equations, Calabi's conjecture, the positive energy theorem, and the Menger-Ampere equation. On April 20, 2022, Qiu Chengtong left Harvard University to work at Tsinghua University. Winner of the Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences in 2023.

Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie (English: Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie, September 9, 1941 - October 12, 2011), American computer scientist. Hacker circles usually call him "dmr". He is the creator of the C language and a key developer of the Unix operating system. He has had a profound impact on the computer field and was the 1983 Turing Award winner with Ken Thompson.

Rita Levi-Montalcini (Italian: Rita Levi-Montalcini, April 22, 1909 - December 30, 2012), Italian neurobiologist and physician. Together with colleague Stanley Cohen, he won the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Ken Kutaragi (Japanese: Kutaragi Ken/Kutaragi sword, Romanized: Kutaragi Ken, August 2, 1950 -) is a Japanese entrepreneur and electrical engineer. From 1993 to 2006, he served as the president (representative chairman, chairman) and CEO of Sony Computer Entertainment (renamed Sony Interactive Entertainment in 2016) under Sony. He is famous for developing the popular PlayStation home game console series and is known as the "Father of PlayStation".

George Bernard Dantzig (English: George Bernard Dantzig, November 8, 1914 - May 13, 2005), an American applied mathematician, proposed the simplex method in 1947 and is known as the father of linear programming.

Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître (French: Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître, French pronunciation: [ʒɔʁʒ ɑʁi ʒozɛf edwaʁ ləmɛtʁ]; July 17, 1894 – June 20, 1966) was a Belgian born in Charleroi, Belgium, and died in Leuven. Roman Catholic priest, mathematician, astrophysicist, and professor of physics at the Catholic University of Leuven. In "The Hypothesis of the Primitive Atom", he first proposed the theory of the Big Bang origin of the universe, pointed out that the cosmological red shift can be explained by the expansion of the universe, and estimated the Hubble constant in 1927. This theory was later confirmed by Edwin Hubble's observations, so the related discovery was previously named Hubble's law until the International Astronomical Union voted to change it to Hubble-Lemaître's law in October 2018 to commemorate Lemaître's contribution.

George Ellery Hale (English: George Ellery Hale, June 29, 1868 - February 21, 1938), American astronomer.

Jonas Edward Salk (English: Jonas Edward Salk, October 28, 1914 - June 23, 1995) was an American Jewish experimental medicine scientist and virologist. He is mainly famous for developing the world's first safe and effective "polio vaccine". In 1963, he founded the Salk Institute in California, United States, which focuses on life science research. Salk graduated from the City College of New York and New York University, and later engaged in postdoctoral research at the University of Michigan. In 1947, Salk became a professor at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, where he conducted research on poliovirus and successfully developed the first polio vaccine a few years later. During the research and development process, Salk successfully conducted preliminary human trials on himself, his family, and other volunteers. In 1954, a large-scale vaccination trial of millions of children (6-9 years old) was carried out across the United States. In April 1955, the trial proved that the vaccine was safe and effective. In order to make the vaccine more widely available for vaccination, Salk never patented the vaccine or profited from it. In 1959, about 90 countries around the world adopted Salk's polio vaccine. Before the invention of this vaccine, poliomyelitis (poliomyelitis) was one of the diseases that posed the greatest threat to public health in the United States after World War II. On average, more than 45,000 people in the United States were infected every year. By 1962, the number of infections dropped to 910, and the disease was completely eliminated in 1979.

Joshua Lederberg (English: Joshua Lederberg, May 23, 1925 - February 2, 2008), an American molecular biologist whose main research interests are genetics, artificial intelligence and space exploration. He won the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of bacterial genetic material and gene recombination phenomena. The other half of the award was awarded to George Wells Biddle and Edward Laurie Tatum.

Yu Min (August 16, 1926 - January 16, 2019), male, native of Ninghe, Tianjin, was a Chinese nuclear weapons scientist and a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the Medal of Merit for Two Bombs and One Star and the National Highest Science and Technology Award. He is known as the "Father of China's Hydrogen Bomb" for his contribution to the development of China's hydrogen bomb.

Ward Abraham (Hungarian: Wald Ábrahám, English: Abraham Wald, Yiddish: אברהם וואַלד; October 31, 1902 – December 13, 1950) was a Jewish Hungarian mathematician and statistician who made contributions to decision theory, geometry, and econometrics, and founded the field of sequential analysis. One of his famous statistical works, written during World War II, dealt with how to minimize bomber losses and account for survivorship bias in calculations. He spent his research career at Columbia University.

Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (German: Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt, September 14, 1769 - May 6, 1859), a German natural scientist, naturalist, and physical geographer, one of the founders of modern climatology, plant geography, and geophysics; he dabbled in a wide range of subjects, especially biology and geology. Wilhelm von Humboldt, the educator and founder of the University of Berlin, was his brother. He is known as the pyramid of modern geography and the father of modern geography. He is also a foreign member of the Royal Society.

Sir Alexander Fleming FRS FRSE FRCS (English: Sir Alexander Fleming, August 6, 1881 - March 11, 1955) was a Scottish biologist, pharmacologist, and botanist. He discovered lysozyme in 1923 and penicillin in 1928. This discovery created the field of antibiotics and made him famous around the world. In 1945, he, Flory and Chain won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their research on penicillin.

Alexander Graham Bell (born Alexander Graham Bell, March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born inventor, scientist, and engineer active in Canada and the United States. He is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885. Bell's father, grandfather and brother were all engaged in speech and speech-related work, and his mother and wife were both deaf, which profoundly affected Bell's life's career. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing aids, culminating in him receiving the first U.S. patent for the telephone on March 7, 1876. Bell saw the invention as an intrusion into his job as a scientist and even refused to install a telephone in his study. Bell had many other inventions in his later years, including pioneering work in optical communications, hydrofoils and aviation. From 1898 to 1903, he served as the second president of the National Geographic Society and had a profound influence on the society and its magazines. He wrote for National Geographic under the pseudonym H. A. Largelamb, an anagram of his given name. In addition to his engineering work, Bell also had a keen interest in the emerging science of genetics. His work in this field has been called "the most reliable and useful human genetic research proposed in the United States in the 19th century. It is Bell's most significant contribution to basic science that is different from invention."

Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, OM, FRS (English pronunciation [ˈɑːθə ˈstænli ˈedɪŋtən], December 28, 1882 - November 22, 1944), British astrophysicist and mathematician, was the first scientist to preach the theory of relativity in English. The limit of luminous intensity of dense (not hollow) objects in nature was named the "Eddington limit". During World War I, the British were not very aware of Germany's scientific progress. Eddington wrote "Report on the Relativistic Theory of Gravity" in 1919, which introduced Einstein's theory of general relativity to the English-speaking world for the first time.