Scholars

Arnold Joseph Toynbee, CH (English: Arnold Joseph Toynbee, /ˈtɔɪnbi/; April 14, 1889 – October 22, 1975), British historian. His uncle was Arnold Toynbee (1852-1883), a historian who specialized in the history of economic development, so he is sometimes called Little Toynbee to distinguish him. Toynbee wrote prolifically, among which his twelve volumes of "Historical Studies" are the most brilliant. His review of history contradicted the concept of national supremacy and advocated that civilization is the unit of history; he divided world history into 26 civilizations, and asserted that the reason for the rise of civilization is that it successfully responded to environmental challenges under the leadership of a small number of creators including elite leaders.

Abel Gyozi Aghanbekyan; born October 8, 1932), Armenian, Soviet economist, served as economic advisor to Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Anaxarchus (Abdera) (English: Anaxarchus), (380 BC - 320 BC). Philosopher, follower of Democritus, and mentor of Pyrrhon. He accompanied Alexander the Great on his expedition to Asia and was later executed by Nexorion, the prince of Cyprus.

Ariel Rubinstein (Hebrew: אריאל רובינשטיין, born April 13, 1951) is an Israeli economist whose research direction is game theory.

Amartya Kumar Sen, CH, is an Indian economist. He won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1998 for his outstanding contributions to welfare economics. The following year, he was awarded the Indian National Treasure Medal by the Indian government.

Lu Kanru (November 26, 1903 - December 1, 1978), formerly known as Kan, with the courtesy name Yanlu and pen name Xiaobi, was born in Taicang, Jiangsu Province and was born in Sanyang Town, Haimen. He is a Chinese literary historian. He has served as a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, a member of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, a director of the Chinese Writers Association, and a member of the Central Standing Committee of the Jiusan Society. His wife is the female writer Feng Yuanjun.

Chen Yinke (què) (July 3, 1890 - October 7, 1969), courtesy name Heshou, was born in Xiushui, Jiangxi Province. He was born in Changsha, Hunan Province. He was a Chinese historian and the first academician of the Academia Sinica. Chen Yinke was proficient in more than 20 languages. His historiography was derived from the textual research of Qianjia and Qianjia Dynasties. He wrote "A Biography of Liu Rushi", "A Brief Essay on the Origin of Institutions in the Sui and Tang Dynasties", and "A Essay on the Political History of the Tang Dynasty", etc.

Terence Chi-Shen Tao AC FAA FRS (English: Terence Chi-Shen Tao; July 17, 1975 -), Australian-American mathematician, won the Fields Medal in 2006 for his outstanding contributions in the fields of partial differential equations, combinatorics, harmonic analysis and additive number theory. He is currently a professor in the Department of Mathematics at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he is the James and Carol Collins Professor in the UCLA College of Arts and Sciences. Among many eye-catching academic achievements, the most well-known is that he jointly proved the Green-Tao theorem about the spacing of prime numbers in 2004 with the British mathematician Ben Green. Terence Tao was born into a Hong Kong immigrant family and grew up in Adelaide, South Australia. After completing his doctoral studies at Princeton University and joining the faculty at UCLA, he quickly grew into an internationally renowned top scholar, known for his extremely broad research horizons and productive cross-field collaborations. Terence Tao's academic achievements have won him many honors, including the Fields Medal and MacArthur Genius Grant in 2006, and the Royal Medal and Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics in 2014. Currently, Terence Tao has published research papers spanning many difficult branches of mathematics such as harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, algebraic combinatorics, arithmetic combinatorics, geometric combinatorics, probability theory, compressed sensing, and analytic number theory. He is recognized as one of the most influential mathematicians of our time.

Jacques Derrida (French: Jacques Derrida, French pronunciation: [ʒak dɛʁida]; July 15, 1930 - October 9, 2004), nicknamed Jackie (French: Jackie). A master of contemporary French deconstruction and one of the most important and controversial philosophers of our time. Derrida published more than 40 books and hundreds of essays during her lifetime. He has had a significant impact in the humanities and social sciences such as anthropology, history, linguistics, sociolinguistics, political theory, feminism and queer studies. His works still dominate continental philosophy in continental Europe, South America and other countries and regions, and have had a significant influence in the academic world around ontology, epistemology (especially in the social sciences), ethics, aesthetics, hermeneutics and philosophical debates. Jacques Derrida's philosophy also influenced architecture, music, art and art critics in the form of deconstruction. Derrida once said that as the originator of deconstruction, he has left his own "legacy." In his later writings, he often dealt with moral and political issues, and these works influenced different political movements, making Derrida a significant public figure.

Aristides the Athenian (Greek: Ἀριστείδης Μαρκίανός) was a Christian Greek writer of the 2nd century. He is mainly famous for the "Apology of Aristides" (Apology of Aristides), which defended the existence and eternity of God and emphasized Christian love as superior evidence. His memorial days are August 31 (Catholic) and September 13 (Orthodox).

Martin Heidegger (German: Martin Heidegger, September 26, 1889 - May 26, 1976) was a German philosopher. Heidegger had unique insights into issues such as existence, time, technology, language and truth. His representative works include "Being and Time", "Introduction to Metaphysics", etc. It has a decisive influence on phenomenology, existentialism, deconstruction, hermeneutics, postmodernism, political theory, psychology and theology.

Maximilian·Carl·emir·Weber（German：Maximilian Karl Emil Weber，pronounce：[ˈveːbɐ] ；1864Year4moon21day—1920Year6moon14day），Max·Weber（Max Weber），Famous German sociologist、historian、Jurist and political economist，He is one of the core figures in the history of the development of sociology and social sciences.。 His ideas still have an important influence on social theory and research today. Weber was born in Erfurt in 1864 and studied law and history at the University of Berlin, the University of Göttingen and the University of Heidelberg. He received a doctorate in law in 1889 and qualified as a professor in 1891. He later taught at the University of Berlin, the University of Freiburg and the University of Heidelberg. Two years later, he married a distant relative, Mary Anne Schnittger. After his father's death in 1897, Weber suffered a mental breakdown, stopped teaching, and traveled around until he gradually recovered in the early 20th century. After his recovery, he wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. During World War I, Weber initially supported Germany's entry into the war, but later turned critical of the war and supported German democratization. He also delivered two famous speeches: "Academics as a Vocation" and "Politics as a Vocation". After the war, Weber participated in the formation of the German Democratic Party, but failed to run for public office. Instead, he provided advice on the drafting of the Weimar Constitution. Disillusioned with politics, he returned to academia, teaching at the Universities of Vienna and Munich. Weber died of pneumonia at the age of 56 in 1920, possibly caused by the postwar Spanish flu pandemic. His posthumous book "Economy and Society" was not completed. Unlike Marx, who advocated historical materialism, and Durkheim, who pursued positivism, Weber emphasized the role of subjective will in social development. Weber made many contributions in the fields of economic sociology, political sociology, and sociology of religion. Weber aimed to understand social processes such as rationalization, secularization and disenchantment, arguing that these processes were closely related to capitalism and modernity. Weber also pointed out in "Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" that Protestant ethics played a role in promoting the formation of capitalism. Weber then discussed Confucianism and Taoism, Hinduism and Buddhism, as well as ancient Judaism and other religions in "The Economic Ethics of World Religions". In terms of government theory, Weber argued that the essence of the state lies in its monopoly on violence. He also divided social authority into three types - charismatic, traditional and legal.

Ma Jun (1962-), Chinese water treatment expert, deputy dean and professor of the School of Municipal Environmental Engineering of Harbin Institute of Technology, Yangtze River Scholar Distinguished Professor of the Ministry of Education, and academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Ruth Benedict (English: Ruth Benedict, nee Fulton, June 5, 1887 - September 17, 1948), American anthropologist. In the early 20th century, a few female scholars, influenced by Franz Boas, and Edward Sapir proposed the earliest cultural configuration theory, which believed that culture is like individuals, with different types and characteristics. Panade studied English literature in his early years, so his works are exquisitely written, and he is good at composing poetry and delicate descriptions. Among her works, "Patterns of Culture" and "Chrysanthemum and Knife" are the most famous. Although the importance of her discussion has been replaced by other theories, the issues and concerns raised in her works are still valued and paid attention to by disciplines such as anthropology and history.

Rudolphus Gocleniu (Latin: Rudolphus Gocleniu, March 1, 1547 - June 8, 1628), a German scholastic philosopher, is famous for inventing the term "psychology" in 1590. He also made important and extensive contributions to the development of ontology.

Huang Renyu (English: Ray Huang, June 25, 1918 - January 8, 2000), a native of Changsha, Hunan, is a historian. He served as the commander of the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China during World War II and the Civil War between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China. He later went to the United States to study and received a doctorate in history from the University of Michigan. He is known as an expert on Chinese history (Ming Dynasty) and an advocate of the "big historical view". Throughout his life, he has written best-selling works such as "The Fifteenth Year of Wanli" and "The Great History of China".

Lai Ching Lung (English: Lai Ching Lung, born in October 1948), the world's authoritative expert on liver disease, former chair professor of internal medicine and hepatology at the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine of the University of Hong Kong, and former Li Guoxian Foundation Professorship (Gastroenterology). He is currently an Emeritus Professor of the University of Hong Kong and an Honorary Clinical Professor of the Department of Internal Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong.